]> rtime.felk.cvut.cz Git - opencv.git/blobdiff - opencv/src/ml/mltree.cpp
fixed dtree
[opencv.git] / opencv / src / ml / mltree.cpp
index a4323a8556e88a4d70c58e10b673679849ef7410..858685bbd11d2bde998820d7b9303fc73e30daa0 100644 (file)
-/*M///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\r
-//\r
-//  IMPORTANT: READ BEFORE DOWNLOADING, COPYING, INSTALLING OR USING.\r
-//\r
-//  By downloading, copying, installing or using the software you agree to this license.\r
-//  If you do not agree to this license, do not download, install,\r
-//  copy or use the software.\r
-//\r
-//\r
-//                        Intel License Agreement\r
-//\r
-// Copyright (C) 2000, Intel Corporation, all rights reserved.\r
-// Third party copyrights are property of their respective owners.\r
-//\r
-// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,\r
-// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\r
-//\r
-//   * Redistribution's of source code must retain the above copyright notice,\r
-//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\r
-//\r
-//   * Redistribution's in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\r
-//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\r
-//     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.\r
-//\r
-//   * The name of Intel Corporation may not be used to endorse or promote products\r
-//     derived from this software without specific prior written permission.\r
-//\r
-// This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and\r
-// any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied\r
-// warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.\r
-// In no event shall the Intel Corporation or contributors be liable for any direct,\r
-// indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages\r
-// (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services;\r
-// loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused\r
-// and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability,\r
-// or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of\r
-// the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.\r
-//\r
-//M*/\r
-\r
-#include "_ml.h"\r
-#include <ctype.h>\r
-\r
-static const float ord_nan = FLT_MAX*0.5f;\r
-static const int min_block_size = 1 << 16;\r
-static const int block_size_delta = 1 << 10;\r
-\r
-CvDTreeTrainData::CvDTreeTrainData()\r
-{\r
-    var_idx = var_type = cat_count = cat_ofs = cat_map =\r
-        priors = priors_mult = counts = buf = direction = split_buf = responses_copy = 0;\r
-    tree_storage = temp_storage = 0;\r
-\r
-    clear();\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeTrainData::CvDTreeTrainData( const CvMat* _train_data, int _tflag,\r
-                      const CvMat* _responses, const CvMat* _var_idx,\r
-                      const CvMat* _sample_idx, const CvMat* _var_type,\r
-                      const CvMat* _missing_mask, const CvDTreeParams& _params,\r
-                      bool _shared, bool _add_labels )\r
-{\r
-    var_idx = var_type = cat_count = cat_ofs = cat_map =\r
-        priors = priors_mult = counts = buf = direction = split_buf = responses_copy = 0;\r
-\r
-    tree_storage = temp_storage = 0;\r
-\r
-    set_data( _train_data, _tflag, _responses, _var_idx, _sample_idx,\r
-              _var_type, _missing_mask, _params, _shared, _add_labels );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeTrainData::~CvDTreeTrainData()\r
-{\r
-    clear();\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-bool CvDTreeTrainData::set_params( const CvDTreeParams& _params )\r
-{\r
-    bool ok = false;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::set_params" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    // set parameters\r
-    params = _params;\r
-\r
-    if( params.max_categories < 2 )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "params.max_categories should be >= 2" );\r
-    params.max_categories = MIN( params.max_categories, 15 );\r
-\r
-    if( params.max_depth < 0 )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "params.max_depth should be >= 0" );\r
-    params.max_depth = MIN( params.max_depth, 25 );\r
-\r
-    params.min_sample_count = MAX(params.min_sample_count,1);\r
-\r
-    if( params.cv_folds < 0 )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange,\r
-        "params.cv_folds should be =0 (the tree is not pruned) "\r
-        "or n>0 (tree is pruned using n-fold cross-validation)" );\r
-\r
-    if( params.cv_folds == 1 )\r
-        params.cv_folds = 0;\r
-\r
-    if( params.regression_accuracy < 0 )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "params.regression_accuracy should be >= 0" );\r
-\r
-    ok = true;\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return ok;\r
-}\r
-\r
-#define CV_CMP_NUM_PTR(a,b) (*(a) < *(b))\r
-static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortIntPtr, int*, CV_CMP_NUM_PTR, int )\r
-static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortDblPtr, double*, CV_CMP_NUM_PTR, int )\r
-\r
-#define CV_CMP_NUM_IDX(i,j) (aux[i] < aux[j])\r
-static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortIntAux, int, CV_CMP_NUM_IDX, const float* )\r
-static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortUShAux, unsigned short, CV_CMP_NUM_IDX, const float* )\r
-\r
-#define CV_CMP_PAIRS(a,b) (*((a).i) < *((b).i))\r
-static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortPairs, CvPair16u32s, CV_CMP_PAIRS, int )\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::set_data( const CvMat* _train_data, int _tflag,\r
-    const CvMat* _responses, const CvMat* _var_idx, const CvMat* _sample_idx,\r
-    const CvMat* _var_type, const CvMat* _missing_mask, const CvDTreeParams& _params,\r
-    bool _shared, bool _add_labels, bool _update_data )\r
-{\r
-    CvMat* sample_indices = 0;\r
-    CvMat* var_type0 = 0;\r
-    CvMat* tmp_map = 0;\r
-    int** int_ptr = 0;\r
-    CvPair16u32s* pair16u32s_ptr = 0;\r
-    CvDTreeTrainData* data = 0;\r
-    float *_fdst = 0;\r
-    int *_idst = 0;\r
-    unsigned short* udst = 0;\r
-    int* idst = 0;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::set_data" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    int sample_all = 0, r_type = 0, cv_n;\r
-    int total_c_count = 0;\r
-    int tree_block_size, temp_block_size, max_split_size, nv_size, cv_size = 0;\r
-    int ds_step, dv_step, ms_step = 0, mv_step = 0; // {data|mask}{sample|var}_step\r
-    int vi, i, size;\r
-    char err[100];\r
-    const int *sidx = 0, *vidx = 0;\r
-    \r
-    if( _update_data && data_root )\r
-    {\r
-        data = new CvDTreeTrainData( _train_data, _tflag, _responses, _var_idx,\r
-            _sample_idx, _var_type, _missing_mask, _params, _shared, _add_labels );\r
-\r
-        // compare new and old train data\r
-        if( !(data->var_count == var_count &&\r
-            cvNorm( data->var_type, var_type, CV_C ) < FLT_EPSILON &&\r
-            cvNorm( data->cat_count, cat_count, CV_C ) < FLT_EPSILON &&\r
-            cvNorm( data->cat_map, cat_map, CV_C ) < FLT_EPSILON) )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,\r
-            "The new training data must have the same types and the input and output variables "\r
-            "and the same categories for categorical variables" );\r
-\r
-        cvReleaseMat( &priors );\r
-        cvReleaseMat( &priors_mult );\r
-        cvReleaseMat( &buf );\r
-        cvReleaseMat( &direction );\r
-        cvReleaseMat( &split_buf );\r
-        cvReleaseMemStorage( &temp_storage );\r
-\r
-        priors = data->priors; data->priors = 0;\r
-        priors_mult = data->priors_mult; data->priors_mult = 0;\r
-        buf = data->buf; data->buf = 0;\r
-        buf_count = data->buf_count; buf_size = data->buf_size;\r
-        sample_count = data->sample_count;\r
-\r
-        direction = data->direction; data->direction = 0;\r
-        split_buf = data->split_buf; data->split_buf = 0;\r
-        temp_storage = data->temp_storage; data->temp_storage = 0;\r
-        nv_heap = data->nv_heap; cv_heap = data->cv_heap;\r
-\r
-        data_root = new_node( 0, sample_count, 0, 0 );\r
-        EXIT;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    clear();\r
-\r
-    var_all = 0;\r
-    rng = cvRNG(-1);\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( set_params( _params ));\r
-\r
-    // check parameter types and sizes\r
-    CV_CALL( cvCheckTrainData( _train_data, _tflag, _missing_mask, &var_all, &sample_all ));\r
-\r
-    train_data = _train_data;\r
-    responses = _responses;\r
-\r
-    if( _tflag == CV_ROW_SAMPLE )\r
-    {\r
-        ds_step = _train_data->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(_train_data->type);\r
-        dv_step = 1;\r
-        if( _missing_mask )\r
-            ms_step = _missing_mask->step, mv_step = 1;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        dv_step = _train_data->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(_train_data->type);\r
-        ds_step = 1;\r
-        if( _missing_mask )\r
-            mv_step = _missing_mask->step, ms_step = 1;\r
-    }\r
-    tflag = _tflag;\r
-\r
-    sample_count = sample_all;\r
-    var_count = var_all;\r
-    \r
-    if( _sample_idx )\r
-    {\r
-        CV_CALL( sample_indices = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _sample_idx, sample_all ));\r
-        sidx = sample_indices->data.i;\r
-        sample_count = sample_indices->rows + sample_indices->cols - 1;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( _var_idx )\r
-    {\r
-        CV_CALL( var_idx = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _var_idx, var_all ));\r
-        vidx = var_idx->data.i;\r
-        var_count = var_idx->rows + var_idx->cols - 1;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    is_buf_16u = false;     \r
-    if ( sample_count < 65536 ) \r
-        is_buf_16u = true;                                \r
-    \r
-    if( !CV_IS_MAT(_responses) ||\r
-        (CV_MAT_TYPE(_responses->type) != CV_32SC1 &&\r
-         CV_MAT_TYPE(_responses->type) != CV_32FC1) ||\r
-        (_responses->rows != 1 && _responses->cols != 1) ||\r
-        _responses->rows + _responses->cols - 1 != sample_all )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, "The array of _responses must be an integer or "\r
-                  "floating-point vector containing as many elements as "\r
-                  "the total number of samples in the training data matrix" );\r
-   \r
-  \r
-    CV_CALL( var_type0 = cvPreprocessVarType( _var_type, var_idx, var_count, &r_type ));\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( var_type = cvCreateMat( 1, var_count+2, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-   \r
-    \r
-    cat_var_count = 0;\r
-    ord_var_count = -1;\r
-\r
-    is_classifier = r_type == CV_VAR_CATEGORICAL;\r
-\r
-    // step 0. calc the number of categorical vars\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )\r
-    {\r
-        var_type->data.i[vi] = var_type0->data.ptr[vi] == CV_VAR_CATEGORICAL ?\r
-            cat_var_count++ : ord_var_count--;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    ord_var_count = ~ord_var_count;\r
-    cv_n = params.cv_folds;\r
-    // set the two last elements of var_type array to be able\r
-    // to locate responses and cross-validation labels using\r
-    // the corresponding get_* functions.\r
-    var_type->data.i[var_count] = cat_var_count;\r
-    var_type->data.i[var_count+1] = cat_var_count+1;\r
-\r
-    // in case of single ordered predictor we need dummy cv_labels\r
-    // for safe split_node_data() operation\r
-    have_labels = cv_n > 0 || (ord_var_count == 1 && cat_var_count == 0) || _add_labels;\r
-\r
-    work_var_count = var_count + (is_classifier ? 1 : 0) + (have_labels ? 1 : 0);\r
-    buf_size = (work_var_count + 1)*sample_count;\r
-    shared = _shared;\r
-    buf_count = shared ? 2 : 1;\r
-    \r
-    if ( is_buf_16u )\r
-    {\r
-        CV_CALL( buf = cvCreateMat( buf_count, buf_size, CV_16UC1 ));\r
-        CV_CALL( pair16u32s_ptr = (CvPair16u32s*)cvAlloc( sample_count*sizeof(pair16u32s_ptr[0]) ));\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        CV_CALL( buf = cvCreateMat( buf_count, buf_size, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-        CV_CALL( int_ptr = (int**)cvAlloc( sample_count*sizeof(int_ptr[0]) ));\r
-    }    \r
-\r
-    size = is_classifier ? (cat_var_count+1) : cat_var_count;\r
-    size = !size ? 1 : size;\r
-    CV_CALL( cat_count = cvCreateMat( 1, size, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-    CV_CALL( cat_ofs = cvCreateMat( 1, size, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-        \r
-    size = is_classifier ? (cat_var_count + 1)*params.max_categories : cat_var_count*params.max_categories;\r
-    size = !size ? 1 : size;\r
-    CV_CALL( cat_map = cvCreateMat( 1, size, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-\r
-    // now calculate the maximum size of split,\r
-    // create memory storage that will keep nodes and splits of the decision tree\r
-    // allocate root node and the buffer for the whole training data\r
-    max_split_size = cvAlign(sizeof(CvDTreeSplit) +\r
-        (MAX(0,sample_count - 33)/32)*sizeof(int),sizeof(void*));\r
-    tree_block_size = MAX((int)sizeof(CvDTreeNode)*8, max_split_size);\r
-    tree_block_size = MAX(tree_block_size + block_size_delta, min_block_size);\r
-    CV_CALL( tree_storage = cvCreateMemStorage( tree_block_size ));\r
-    CV_CALL( node_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*node_heap), sizeof(CvDTreeNode), tree_storage ));\r
-\r
-    nv_size = var_count*sizeof(int);\r
-    nv_size = cvAlign(MAX( nv_size, (int)sizeof(CvSetElem) ), sizeof(void*));\r
-\r
-    temp_block_size = nv_size;\r
-\r
-    if( cv_n )\r
-    {\r
-        if( sample_count < cv_n*MAX(params.min_sample_count,10) )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange,\r
-                "The many folds in cross-validation for such a small dataset" );\r
-\r
-        cv_size = cvAlign( cv_n*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(double)*2), sizeof(double) );\r
-        temp_block_size = MAX(temp_block_size, cv_size);\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    temp_block_size = MAX( temp_block_size + block_size_delta, min_block_size );\r
-    CV_CALL( temp_storage = cvCreateMemStorage( temp_block_size ));\r
-    CV_CALL( nv_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*nv_heap), nv_size, temp_storage ));\r
-    if( cv_size )\r
-        CV_CALL( cv_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*cv_heap), cv_size, temp_storage ));\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( data_root = new_node( 0, sample_count, 0, 0 ));\r
-\r
-    max_c_count = 1;\r
-\r
-    _fdst = 0;\r
-    _idst = 0;\r
-    if (ord_var_count)\r
-        _fdst = (float*)cvAlloc(sample_count*sizeof(_fdst[0]));\r
-    if (is_buf_16u && (cat_var_count || is_classifier))\r
-        _idst = (int*)cvAlloc(sample_count*sizeof(_idst[0]));\r
-\r
-    // transform the training data to convenient representation\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi <= var_count; vi++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int ci;\r
-        const uchar* mask = 0;\r
-        int m_step = 0, step;\r
-        const int* idata = 0;\r
-        const float* fdata = 0;\r
-        int num_valid = 0;\r
-\r
-        if( vi < var_count ) // analyze i-th input variable\r
-        {\r
-            int vi0 = vidx ? vidx[vi] : vi;\r
-            ci = get_var_type(vi);\r
-            step = ds_step; m_step = ms_step;\r
-            if( CV_MAT_TYPE(_train_data->type) == CV_32SC1 )\r
-                idata = _train_data->data.i + vi0*dv_step;\r
-            else\r
-                fdata = _train_data->data.fl + vi0*dv_step;\r
-            if( _missing_mask )\r
-                mask = _missing_mask->data.ptr + vi0*mv_step;\r
-        }\r
-        else // analyze _responses\r
-        {\r
-            ci = cat_var_count;\r
-            step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(_responses->type) ?\r
-                1 : _responses->step / CV_ELEM_SIZE(_responses->type);\r
-            if( CV_MAT_TYPE(_responses->type) == CV_32SC1 )\r
-                idata = _responses->data.i;\r
-            else\r
-                fdata = _responses->data.fl;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( (vi < var_count && ci>=0) ||\r
-            (vi == var_count && is_classifier) ) // process categorical variable or response\r
-        {\r
-            int c_count, prev_label;\r
-            int* c_map;\r
-            \r
-            if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + vi*sample_count);\r
-            else\r
-                idst = buf->data.i + vi*sample_count;\r
-            \r
-            // copy data\r
-            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int val = INT_MAX, si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-                if( !mask || !mask[si*m_step] )\r
-                {\r
-                    if( idata )\r
-                        val = idata[si*step];\r
-                    else\r
-                    {\r
-                        float t = fdata[si*step];\r
-                        val = cvRound(t);\r
-                        if( val != t )\r
-                        {\r
-                            sprintf( err, "%d-th value of %d-th (categorical) "\r
-                                "variable is not an integer", i, vi );\r
-                            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, err );\r
-                        }\r
-                    }\r
-\r
-                    if( val == INT_MAX )\r
-                    {\r
-                        sprintf( err, "%d-th value of %d-th (categorical) "\r
-                            "variable is too large", i, vi );\r
-                        CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, err );\r
-                    }\r
-                    num_valid++;\r
-                }\r
-                if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                {\r
-                    _idst[i] = val;\r
-                    pair16u32s_ptr[i].u = udst + i;\r
-                    pair16u32s_ptr[i].i = _idst + i;\r
-                }   \r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    idst[i] = val;\r
-                    int_ptr[i] = idst + i;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            c_count = num_valid > 0;\r
-            if (is_buf_16u)\r
-            {\r
-                icvSortPairs( pair16u32s_ptr, sample_count, 0 );\r
-                // count the categories\r
-                for( i = 1; i < num_valid; i++ )\r
-                    if (*pair16u32s_ptr[i].i != *pair16u32s_ptr[i-1].i)\r
-                        c_count ++ ;\r
-            }\r
-            else\r
-            {\r
-                icvSortIntPtr( int_ptr, sample_count, 0 );\r
-                // count the categories\r
-                for( i = 1; i < num_valid; i++ )\r
-                    c_count += *int_ptr[i] != *int_ptr[i-1];\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            if( vi > 0 )\r
-                max_c_count = MAX( max_c_count, c_count );\r
-            cat_count->data.i[ci] = c_count;\r
-            cat_ofs->data.i[ci] = total_c_count;\r
-\r
-            // resize cat_map, if need\r
-            if( cat_map->cols < total_c_count + c_count )\r
-            {\r
-                tmp_map = cat_map;\r
-                CV_CALL( cat_map = cvCreateMat( 1,\r
-                    MAX(cat_map->cols*3/2,total_c_count+c_count), CV_32SC1 ));\r
-                for( i = 0; i < total_c_count; i++ )\r
-                    cat_map->data.i[i] = tmp_map->data.i[i];\r
-                cvReleaseMat( &tmp_map );\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            c_map = cat_map->data.i + total_c_count;\r
-            total_c_count += c_count;\r
-\r
-            c_count = -1;\r
-            if (is_buf_16u)\r
-            {\r
-                // compact the class indices and build the map\r
-                prev_label = ~*pair16u32s_ptr[0].i;\r
-                for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )\r
-                {\r
-                    int cur_label = *pair16u32s_ptr[i].i;\r
-                    if( cur_label != prev_label )\r
-                        c_map[++c_count] = prev_label = cur_label;\r
-                    *pair16u32s_ptr[i].u = (unsigned short)c_count;\r
-                }\r
-                // replace labels for missing values with -1\r
-                for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-                    *pair16u32s_ptr[i].u = 65535;\r
-            }\r
-            else\r
-            {\r
-                // compact the class indices and build the map\r
-                prev_label = ~*int_ptr[0];\r
-                for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )\r
-                {\r
-                    int cur_label = *int_ptr[i];\r
-                    if( cur_label != prev_label )\r
-                        c_map[++c_count] = prev_label = cur_label;\r
-                    *int_ptr[i] = c_count;\r
-                }\r
-                // replace labels for missing values with -1\r
-                for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-                    *int_ptr[i] = -1;\r
-            }           \r
-        }\r
-        else if( ci < 0 ) // process ordered variable\r
-        {\r
-            if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + vi*sample_count);\r
-            else\r
-                idst = buf->data.i + vi*sample_count;\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                float val = ord_nan;\r
-                int si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-                if( !mask || !mask[si*m_step] )\r
-                {\r
-                    if( idata )\r
-                        val = (float)idata[si*step];\r
-                    else\r
-                        val = fdata[si*step];\r
-\r
-                    if( fabs(val) >= ord_nan )\r
-                    {\r
-                        sprintf( err, "%d-th value of %d-th (ordered) "\r
-                            "variable (=%g) is too large", i, vi, val );\r
-                        CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, err );\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-                num_valid++;\r
-                if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                    udst[i] = (unsigned short)i;\r
-                else\r
-                    idst[i] = i; // Ã¯Ã¥Ã°Ã¥Ã­Ã¥Ã±Ã²Ã¨ Ã¢Ã»Ã¸Ã¥ Ã¢ if( idata )\r
-                _fdst[i] = val;\r
-                \r
-            }\r
-            if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                icvSortUShAux( udst, num_valid, _fdst);\r
-            else\r
-                icvSortIntAux( idst, /*or num_valid?\*/ sample_count, _fdst );\r
-        }\r
-       \r
-        if( vi < var_count )\r
-            data_root->set_num_valid(vi, num_valid);\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // set sample labels\r
-    if (is_buf_16u)\r
-        udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + work_var_count*sample_count);\r
-    else\r
-        idst = buf->data.i + work_var_count*sample_count;\r
-\r
-    for (i = 0; i < sample_count; i++)\r
-    {\r
-        if (udst)\r
-            udst[i] = sidx ? (unsigned short)sidx[i] : (unsigned short)i;\r
-        else\r
-            idst[i] = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( cv_n )\r
-    {\r
-        unsigned short* udst = 0;\r
-        int* idst = 0;\r
-        CvRNG* r = &rng;\r
-\r
-        if (is_buf_16u)\r
-        {\r
-            udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + (get_work_var_count()-1)*sample_count);\r
-            for( i = vi = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                udst[i] = (unsigned short)vi++;\r
-                vi &= vi < cv_n ? -1 : 0;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int a = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;\r
-                int b = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;\r
-                unsigned short unsh = (unsigned short)vi;\r
-                CV_SWAP( udst[a], udst[b], unsh );\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            idst = buf->data.i + (get_work_var_count()-1)*sample_count;\r
-            for( i = vi = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                idst[i] = vi++;\r
-                vi &= vi < cv_n ? -1 : 0;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int a = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;\r
-                int b = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;\r
-                CV_SWAP( idst[a], idst[b], vi );\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if ( cat_map ) \r
-        cat_map->cols = MAX( total_c_count, 1 );\r
-\r
-    max_split_size = cvAlign(sizeof(CvDTreeSplit) +\r
-        (MAX(0,max_c_count - 33)/32)*sizeof(int),sizeof(void*));\r
-    CV_CALL( split_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*split_heap), max_split_size, tree_storage ));\r
-\r
-    have_priors = is_classifier && params.priors;\r
-    if( is_classifier )\r
-    {\r
-        int m = get_num_classes();\r
-        double sum = 0;\r
-        CV_CALL( priors = cvCreateMat( 1, m, CV_64F ));\r
-        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double val = have_priors ? params.priors[i] : 1.;\r
-            if( val <= 0 )\r
-                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "Every class weight should be positive" );\r
-            priors->data.db[i] = val;\r
-            sum += val;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        // normalize weights\r
-        if( have_priors )\r
-            cvScale( priors, priors, 1./sum );\r
-\r
-        CV_CALL( priors_mult = cvCloneMat( priors ));\r
-        CV_CALL( counts = cvCreateMat( 1, m, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-    }\r
-\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( direction = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count, CV_8UC1 ));\r
-    CV_CALL( split_buf = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-\r
-    {\r
-        int maxNumThreads = 1;\r
-#ifdef _OPENMP\r
-        maxNumThreads = cv::getNumThreads();\r
-#endif\r
-        pred_float_buf.resize(maxNumThreads);\r
-        pred_int_buf.resize(maxNumThreads);\r
-        resp_float_buf.resize(maxNumThreads);\r
-        resp_int_buf.resize(maxNumThreads);\r
-        cv_lables_buf.resize(maxNumThreads);\r
-        sample_idx_buf.resize(maxNumThreads);\r
-        for( int ti = 0; ti < maxNumThreads; ti++ )\r
-        {\r
-            pred_float_buf[ti].resize(sample_count);\r
-            pred_int_buf[ti].resize(sample_count);\r
-            resp_float_buf[ti].resize(sample_count);\r
-            resp_int_buf[ti].resize(sample_count);\r
-            cv_lables_buf[ti].resize(sample_count);\r
-            sample_idx_buf[ti].resize(sample_count);\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    if( data )\r
-        delete data;\r
-\r
-    if (_fdst)\r
-        cvFree( &_fdst );\r
-    if (_idst)\r
-        cvFree( &_idst );\r
-    cvFree( &int_ptr );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &var_type0 );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &sample_indices );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &tmp_map );\r
-}\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::do_responses_copy()\r
-{\r
-    responses_copy = cvCreateMat( responses->rows, responses->cols, responses->type );\r
-    cvCopy( responses, responses_copy);\r
-    responses = responses_copy;\r
-}\r
-\r
-CvDTreeNode* CvDTreeTrainData::subsample_data( const CvMat* _subsample_idx )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* root = 0;\r
-    CvMat* isubsample_idx = 0;\r
-    CvMat* subsample_co = 0;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::subsample_data" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    if( !data_root )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsError, "No training data has been set" );\r
-\r
-    if( _subsample_idx )\r
-        CV_CALL( isubsample_idx = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _subsample_idx, sample_count ));\r
-\r
-    if( !isubsample_idx )\r
-    {\r
-        // make a copy of the root node\r
-        CvDTreeNode temp;\r
-        int i;\r
-        root = new_node( 0, 1, 0, 0 );\r
-        temp = *root;\r
-        *root = *data_root;\r
-        root->num_valid = temp.num_valid;\r
-        if( root->num_valid )\r
-        {\r
-            for( i = 0; i < var_count; i++ )\r
-                root->num_valid[i] = data_root->num_valid[i];\r
-        }\r
-        root->cv_Tn = temp.cv_Tn;\r
-        root->cv_node_risk = temp.cv_node_risk;\r
-        root->cv_node_error = temp.cv_node_error;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        int* sidx = isubsample_idx->data.i;\r
-        // co - array of count/offset pairs (to handle duplicated values in _subsample_idx)\r
-        int* co, cur_ofs = 0;\r
-        int vi, i;\r
-        int work_var_count = get_work_var_count();\r
-        int count = isubsample_idx->rows + isubsample_idx->cols - 1;\r
-\r
-        root = new_node( 0, count, 1, 0 );\r
-\r
-        CV_CALL( subsample_co = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count*2, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-        cvZero( subsample_co );\r
-        co = subsample_co->data.i;\r
-        for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )\r
-            co[sidx[i]*2]++;\r
-        for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            if( co[i*2] )\r
-            {\r
-                co[i*2+1] = cur_ofs;\r
-                cur_ofs += co[i*2];\r
-            }\r
-            else\r
-                co[i*2+1] = -1;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( vi = 0; vi < work_var_count; vi++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int ci = get_var_type(vi);\r
-\r
-            if( ci >= 0 || vi >= var_count )\r
-            {\r
-                int* src_buf = get_pred_int_buf();\r
-                const int* src = 0;\r
-                int num_valid = 0;\r
-                \r
-                get_cat_var_data( data_root, vi, src_buf, &src );\r
-\r
-                if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                {\r
-                    unsigned short* udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                        vi*sample_count + root->offset);\r
-                    for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )\r
-                    {\r
-                        int val = src[sidx[i]];\r
-                        udst[i] = (unsigned short)val;\r
-                        num_valid += val >= 0;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    int* idst = buf->data.i + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                        vi*sample_count + root->offset;\r
-                    for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )\r
-                    {\r
-                        int val = src[sidx[i]];\r
-                        idst[i] = val;\r
-                        num_valid += val >= 0;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-\r
-                if( vi < var_count )\r
-                    root->set_num_valid(vi, num_valid);\r
-            }\r
-            else\r
-            {\r
-                int *src_idx_buf = get_pred_int_buf();\r
-                const int* src_idx = 0;\r
-                float *src_val_buf = get_pred_float_buf();\r
-                const float* src_val = 0;\r
-                int j = 0, idx, count_i;\r
-                int num_valid = data_root->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-\r
-                get_ord_var_data( data_root, vi, src_val_buf, src_idx_buf, &src_val, &src_idx );\r
-                if (is_buf_16u)\r
-                {\r
-                    unsigned short* udst_idx = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                        vi*sample_count + data_root->offset);\r
-                    for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )\r
-                    {\r
-                        idx = src_idx[i];\r
-                        count_i = co[idx*2];\r
-                        if( count_i )\r
-                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )\r
-                                udst_idx[j] = (unsigned short)cur_ofs;\r
-                    }\r
-\r
-                    root->set_num_valid(vi, j);\r
-\r
-                    for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-                    {\r
-                        idx = src_idx[i];\r
-                        count_i = co[idx*2];\r
-                        if( count_i )\r
-                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )\r
-                                udst_idx[j] = (unsigned short)cur_ofs;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    int* idst_idx = buf->data.i + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                        vi*sample_count + root->offset;\r
-                    for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )\r
-                    {\r
-                        idx = src_idx[i];\r
-                        count_i = co[idx*2];\r
-                        if( count_i )\r
-                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )\r
-                                idst_idx[j] = cur_ofs;\r
-                    }\r
-\r
-                    root->set_num_valid(vi, j);\r
-\r
-                    for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-                    {\r
-                        idx = src_idx[i];\r
-                        count_i = co[idx*2];\r
-                        if( count_i )\r
-                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )\r
-                                idst_idx[j] = cur_ofs;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        // sample indices subsampling\r
-        int* sample_idx_src_buf = get_sample_idx_buf();\r
-        const int* sample_idx_src = 0;\r
-        get_sample_indices(data_root, sample_idx_src_buf, &sample_idx_src);\r
-        if (is_buf_16u)\r
-        {\r
-            unsigned short* sample_idx_dst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                get_work_var_count()*sample_count + root->offset);            \r
-            for (i = 0; i < count; i++)\r
-                sample_idx_dst[i] = (unsigned short)sample_idx_src[sidx[i]];\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            int* sample_idx_dst = buf->data.i + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                get_work_var_count()*sample_count + root->offset;            \r
-            for (i = 0; i < count; i++)\r
-                sample_idx_dst[i] = sample_idx_src[sidx[i]];\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &isubsample_idx );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &subsample_co );\r
-\r
-    return root;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::get_vectors( const CvMat* _subsample_idx,\r
-                                    float* values, uchar* missing,\r
-                                    float* responses, bool get_class_idx )\r
-{\r
-    CvMat* subsample_idx = 0;\r
-    CvMat* subsample_co = 0;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::get_vectors" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    int i, vi, total = sample_count, count = total, cur_ofs = 0;\r
-    int* sidx = 0;\r
-    int* co = 0;\r
-\r
-    if( _subsample_idx )\r
-    {\r
-        CV_CALL( subsample_idx = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _subsample_idx, sample_count ));\r
-        sidx = subsample_idx->data.i;\r
-        CV_CALL( subsample_co = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count*2, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-        co = subsample_co->data.i;\r
-        cvZero( subsample_co );\r
-        count = subsample_idx->cols + subsample_idx->rows - 1;\r
-        for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )\r
-            co[sidx[i]*2]++;\r
-        for( i = 0; i < total; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int count_i = co[i*2];\r
-            if( count_i )\r
-            {\r
-                co[i*2+1] = cur_ofs*var_count;\r
-                cur_ofs += count_i;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( missing )\r
-        memset( missing, 1, count*var_count );\r
-\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int ci = get_var_type(vi);\r
-        if( ci >= 0 ) // categorical\r
-        {\r
-            float* dst = values + vi;\r
-            uchar* m = missing ? missing + vi : 0;\r
-            int* src_buf = get_pred_int_buf();\r
-            const int* src = 0; \r
-            get_cat_var_data(data_root, vi, src_buf, &src);\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < count; i++, dst += var_count )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-                int val = src[idx];\r
-                *dst = (float)val;\r
-                if( m )\r
-                {\r
-                    *m = (!is_buf_16u && val < 0) || (is_buf_16u && (val == 65535));\r
-                    m += var_count;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else // ordered\r
-        {\r
-            float* dst = values + vi;\r
-            uchar* m = missing ? missing + vi : 0;\r
-            int count1 = data_root->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-            float *src_val_buf = get_pred_float_buf();\r
-            const float *src_val = 0;\r
-            int* src_idx_buf = get_pred_int_buf();\r
-            const int* src_idx = 0;\r
-            get_ord_var_data(data_root, vi, src_val_buf, src_idx_buf, &src_val, &src_idx);\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < count1; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = src_idx[i];\r
-                int count_i = 1;\r
-                if( co )\r
-                {\r
-                    count_i = co[idx*2];\r
-                    cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1];\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                    cur_ofs = idx*var_count;\r
-                if( count_i )\r
-                {\r
-                    float val = src_val[i];\r
-                    for( ; count_i > 0; count_i--, cur_ofs += var_count )\r
-                    {\r
-                        dst[cur_ofs] = val;\r
-                        if( m )\r
-                            m[cur_ofs] = 0;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // copy responses\r
-    if( responses )\r
-    {\r
-        if( is_classifier )\r
-        {\r
-            int* src_buf = get_resp_int_buf();\r
-            const int* src = 0;\r
-            get_class_labels(data_root, src_buf, &src);\r
-            for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-                int val = get_class_idx ? src[idx] :\r
-                    cat_map->data.i[cat_ofs->data.i[cat_var_count]+src[idx]];\r
-                responses[i] = (float)val;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            float *_values_buf = get_resp_float_buf();\r
-            const float* _values = 0;\r
-            get_ord_responses(data_root, _values_buf, &_values);\r
-            for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-                responses[i] = _values[idx];\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &subsample_idx );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &subsample_co );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeNode* CvDTreeTrainData::new_node( CvDTreeNode* parent, int count,\r
-                                         int storage_idx, int offset )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = (CvDTreeNode*)cvSetNew( node_heap );\r
-\r
-    node->sample_count = count;\r
-    node->depth = parent ? parent->depth + 1 : 0;\r
-    node->parent = parent;\r
-    node->left = node->right = 0;\r
-    node->split = 0;\r
-    node->value = 0;\r
-    node->class_idx = 0;\r
-    node->maxlr = 0.;\r
-\r
-    node->buf_idx = storage_idx;\r
-    node->offset = offset;\r
-    if( nv_heap )\r
-        node->num_valid = (int*)cvSetNew( nv_heap );\r
-    else\r
-        node->num_valid = 0;\r
-    node->alpha = node->node_risk = node->tree_risk = node->tree_error = 0.;\r
-    node->complexity = 0;\r
-\r
-    if( params.cv_folds > 0 && cv_heap )\r
-    {\r
-        int cv_n = params.cv_folds;\r
-        node->Tn = INT_MAX;\r
-        node->cv_Tn = (int*)cvSetNew( cv_heap );\r
-        node->cv_node_risk = (double*)cvAlignPtr(node->cv_Tn + cv_n, sizeof(double));\r
-        node->cv_node_error = node->cv_node_risk + cv_n;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        node->Tn = 0;\r
-        node->cv_Tn = 0;\r
-        node->cv_node_risk = 0;\r
-        node->cv_node_error = 0;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    return node;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTreeTrainData::new_split_ord( int vi, float cmp_val,\r
-                int split_point, int inversed, float quality )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = (CvDTreeSplit*)cvSetNew( split_heap );\r
-    split->var_idx = vi;\r
-    split->condensed_idx = INT_MIN;\r
-    split->ord.c = cmp_val;\r
-    split->ord.split_point = split_point;\r
-    split->inversed = inversed;\r
-    split->quality = quality;\r
-    split->next = 0;\r
-\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTreeTrainData::new_split_cat( int vi, float quality )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = (CvDTreeSplit*)cvSetNew( split_heap );\r
-    int i, n = (max_c_count + 31)/32;\r
-\r
-    split->var_idx = vi;\r
-    split->condensed_idx = INT_MIN;\r
-    split->inversed = 0;\r
-    split->quality = quality;\r
-    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-        split->subset[i] = 0;\r
-    split->next = 0;\r
-\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::free_node( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split;\r
-    free_node_data( node );\r
-    while( split )\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeSplit* next = split->next;\r
-        cvSetRemoveByPtr( split_heap, split );\r
-        split = next;\r
-    }\r
-    node->split = 0;\r
-    cvSetRemoveByPtr( node_heap, node );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::free_node_data( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    if( node->num_valid )\r
-    {\r
-        cvSetRemoveByPtr( nv_heap, node->num_valid );\r
-        node->num_valid = 0;\r
-    }\r
-    // do not free cv_* fields, as all the cross-validation related data is released at once.\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::free_train_data()\r
-{\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &counts );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &buf );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &direction );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &split_buf );\r
-    cvReleaseMemStorage( &temp_storage );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &responses_copy );\r
-    pred_float_buf.clear();\r
-    pred_int_buf.clear();\r
-    resp_float_buf.clear();\r
-    resp_int_buf.clear();\r
-    cv_lables_buf.clear();\r
-    sample_idx_buf.clear();\r
-\r
-    cv_heap = nv_heap = 0;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::clear()\r
-{\r
-    free_train_data();\r
-\r
-    cvReleaseMemStorage( &tree_storage );\r
-\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &var_idx );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &var_type );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &cat_count );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &cat_ofs );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &cat_map );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &priors );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &priors_mult );\r
-    \r
-    node_heap = split_heap = 0;\r
-\r
-    sample_count = var_all = var_count = max_c_count = ord_var_count = cat_var_count = 0;\r
-    have_labels = have_priors = is_classifier = false;\r
-\r
-    buf_count = buf_size = 0;\r
-    shared = false;\r
-    \r
-    data_root = 0;\r
-\r
-    rng = cvRNG(-1);\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-int CvDTreeTrainData::get_num_classes() const\r
-{\r
-    return is_classifier ? cat_count->data.i[cat_var_count] : 0;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-int CvDTreeTrainData::get_var_type(int vi) const\r
-{\r
-    return var_type->data.i[vi];\r
-}\r
-\r
-int CvDTreeTrainData::get_ord_var_data( CvDTreeNode* n, int vi, float* ord_values_buf, int* indices_buf, const float** ord_values, const int** indices )\r
-{\r
-    int vidx = var_idx ? var_idx->data.i[vi] : vi;\r
-    int node_sample_count = n->sample_count; \r
-    int* sample_indices_buf = get_sample_idx_buf();\r
-    const int* sample_indices = 0;\r
-    int td_step = train_data->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(train_data->type);\r
-\r
-    get_sample_indices(n, sample_indices_buf, &sample_indices);\r
-\r
-    if( !is_buf_16u )\r
-        *indices = buf->data.i + n->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-        vi*sample_count + n->offset;\r
-    else {\r
-        const unsigned short* short_indices = (const unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + n->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-            vi*sample_count + n->offset );\r
-        for( int i = 0; i < node_sample_count; i++ )\r
-            indices_buf[i] = short_indices[i];\r
-        *indices = indices_buf;\r
-    }\r
-    \r
-    if( tflag == CV_ROW_SAMPLE )\r
-    {\r
-        for( int i = 0; i < node_sample_count && \r
-            ((((*indices)[i] >= 0) && !is_buf_16u) || (((*indices)[i] != 65535) && is_buf_16u)); i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = (*indices)[i];\r
-            idx = sample_indices[idx];\r
-            ord_values_buf[i] = *(train_data->data.fl + idx * td_step + vidx);\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-        for( int i = 0; i < node_sample_count && \r
-            ((((*indices)[i] >= 0) && !is_buf_16u) || (((*indices)[i] != 65535) && is_buf_16u)); i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = (*indices)[i];\r
-            idx = sample_indices[idx];\r
-            ord_values_buf[i] = *(train_data->data.fl + vidx* td_step + idx);\r
-        }\r
-    \r
-    *ord_values = ord_values_buf;\r
-    return 0; //TODO: return the number of non-missing values\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::get_class_labels( CvDTreeNode* n, int* labels_buf, const int** labels )\r
-{\r
-    if (is_classifier)\r
-        get_cat_var_data( n, var_count, labels_buf, labels );\r
-}\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::get_sample_indices( CvDTreeNode* n, int* indices_buf, const int** indices )\r
-{\r
-    get_cat_var_data( n, get_work_var_count(), indices_buf, indices );\r
-}\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::get_ord_responses( CvDTreeNode* n, float* values_buf, const float** values)\r
-{\r
-    int sample_count = n->sample_count;\r
-    int* indices_buf = get_sample_idx_buf();\r
-    const int* indices = 0;\r
-\r
-    int r_step = responses->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(responses->type);\r
-\r
-    get_sample_indices(n, indices_buf, &indices);\r
-\r
-    \r
-    for( int i = 0; i < sample_count && \r
-        (((indices[i] >= 0) && !is_buf_16u) || ((indices[i] != 65535) && is_buf_16u)); i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int idx = indices[i];\r
-        values_buf[i] = *(responses->data.fl + idx * r_step);\r
-    }\r
-    \r
-    *values = values_buf;    \r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::get_cv_labels( CvDTreeNode* n, int* labels_buf, const int** labels )\r
-{\r
-    if (have_labels)\r
-        get_cat_var_data( n, get_work_var_count()- 1, labels_buf, labels );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-int CvDTreeTrainData::get_cat_var_data( CvDTreeNode* n, int vi, int* cat_values_buf, const int** cat_values )\r
-{\r
-    if( !is_buf_16u )\r
-        *cat_values = buf->data.i + n->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-        vi*sample_count + n->offset;\r
-    else {\r
-        const unsigned short* short_values = (const unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + n->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-            vi*sample_count + n->offset);\r
-        for( int i = 0; i < n->sample_count; i++ )\r
-            cat_values_buf[i] = short_values[i];\r
-        *cat_values = cat_values_buf;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    return 0; //TODO: return the number of non-missing values\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-int CvDTreeTrainData::get_child_buf_idx( CvDTreeNode* n )\r
-{\r
-    int idx = n->buf_idx + 1;\r
-    if( idx >= buf_count )\r
-        idx = shared ? 1 : 0;\r
-    return idx;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::write_params( CvFileStorage* fs )\r
-{\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::write_params" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    int vi, vcount = var_count;\r
-\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "is_classifier", is_classifier ? 1 : 0 );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "var_all", var_all );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "var_count", var_count );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "ord_var_count", ord_var_count );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "cat_var_count", cat_var_count );\r
-\r
-    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "training_params", CV_NODE_MAP );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "use_surrogates", params.use_surrogates ? 1 : 0 );\r
-\r
-    if( is_classifier )\r
-    {\r
-        cvWriteInt( fs, "max_categories", params.max_categories );\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        cvWriteReal( fs, "regression_accuracy", params.regression_accuracy );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "max_depth", params.max_depth );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "min_sample_count", params.min_sample_count );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "cross_validation_folds", params.cv_folds );\r
-\r
-    if( params.cv_folds > 1 )\r
-    {\r
-        cvWriteInt( fs, "use_1se_rule", params.use_1se_rule ? 1 : 0 );\r
-        cvWriteInt( fs, "truncate_pruned_tree", params.truncate_pruned_tree ? 1 : 0 );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( priors )\r
-        cvWrite( fs, "priors", priors );\r
-\r
-    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-\r
-    if( var_idx )\r
-        cvWrite( fs, "var_idx", var_idx );\r
-\r
-    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "var_type", CV_NODE_SEQ+CV_NODE_FLOW );\r
-\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi < vcount; vi++ )\r
-        cvWriteInt( fs, 0, var_type->data.i[vi] >= 0 );\r
-\r
-    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-\r
-    if( cat_count && (cat_var_count > 0 || is_classifier) )\r
-    {\r
-        CV_ASSERT( cat_count != 0 );\r
-        cvWrite( fs, "cat_count", cat_count );\r
-        cvWrite( fs, "cat_map", cat_map );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTreeTrainData::read_params( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::read_params" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    CvFileNode *tparams_node, *vartype_node;\r
-    CvSeqReader reader;\r
-    int vi, max_split_size, tree_block_size;\r
-\r
-    is_classifier = (cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "is_classifier" ) != 0);\r
-    var_all = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "var_all" );\r
-    var_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "var_count", var_all );\r
-    cat_var_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "cat_var_count" );\r
-    ord_var_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "ord_var_count" );\r
-\r
-    tparams_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "training_params" );\r
-\r
-    if( tparams_node ) // training parameters are not necessary\r
-    {\r
-        params.use_surrogates = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "use_surrogates", 1 ) != 0;\r
-\r
-        if( is_classifier )\r
-        {\r
-            params.max_categories = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "max_categories" );\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            params.regression_accuracy =\r
-                (float)cvReadRealByName( fs, tparams_node, "regression_accuracy" );\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        params.max_depth = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "max_depth" );\r
-        params.min_sample_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "min_sample_count" );\r
-        params.cv_folds = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "cross_validation_folds" );\r
-\r
-        if( params.cv_folds > 1 )\r
-        {\r
-            params.use_1se_rule = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "use_1se_rule" ) != 0;\r
-            params.truncate_pruned_tree =\r
-                cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "truncate_pruned_tree" ) != 0;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        priors = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, tparams_node, "priors" );\r
-        if( priors )\r
-        {\r
-            if( !CV_IS_MAT(priors) )\r
-                CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "priors must stored as a matrix" );\r
-            priors_mult = cvCloneMat( priors );\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( var_idx = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, node, "var_idx" ));\r
-    if( var_idx )\r
-    {\r
-        if( !CV_IS_MAT(var_idx) ||\r
-            (var_idx->cols != 1 && var_idx->rows != 1) ||\r
-            var_idx->cols + var_idx->rows - 1 != var_count ||\r
-            CV_MAT_TYPE(var_idx->type) != CV_32SC1 )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError,\r
-                "var_idx (if exist) must be valid 1d integer vector containing <var_count> elements" );\r
-\r
-        for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )\r
-            if( (unsigned)var_idx->data.i[vi] >= (unsigned)var_all )\r
-                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of var_idx elements are out of range" );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    ////// read var type\r
-    CV_CALL( var_type = cvCreateMat( 1, var_count + 2, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-\r
-    cat_var_count = 0;\r
-    ord_var_count = -1;\r
-    vartype_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "var_type" );\r
-\r
-    if( vartype_node && CV_NODE_TYPE(vartype_node->tag) == CV_NODE_INT && var_count == 1 )\r
-        var_type->data.i[0] = vartype_node->data.i ? cat_var_count++ : ord_var_count--;\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        if( !vartype_node || CV_NODE_TYPE(vartype_node->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ ||\r
-            vartype_node->data.seq->total != var_count )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "var_type must exist and be a sequence of 0's and 1's" );\r
-\r
-        cvStartReadSeq( vartype_node->data.seq, &reader );\r
-\r
-        for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )\r
-        {\r
-            CvFileNode* n = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;\r
-            if( CV_NODE_TYPE(n->tag) != CV_NODE_INT || (n->data.i & ~1) )\r
-                CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "var_type must exist and be a sequence of 0's and 1's" );\r
-            var_type->data.i[vi] = n->data.i ? cat_var_count++ : ord_var_count--;\r
-            CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    var_type->data.i[var_count] = cat_var_count;\r
-\r
-    ord_var_count = ~ord_var_count;\r
-    if( cat_var_count != cat_var_count || ord_var_count != ord_var_count )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "var_type is inconsistent with cat_var_count and ord_var_count" );\r
-    //////\r
-\r
-    if( cat_var_count > 0 || is_classifier )\r
-    {\r
-        int ccount, total_c_count = 0;\r
-        CV_CALL( cat_count = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, node, "cat_count" ));\r
-        CV_CALL( cat_map = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, node, "cat_map" ));\r
-\r
-        if( !CV_IS_MAT(cat_count) || !CV_IS_MAT(cat_map) ||\r
-            (cat_count->cols != 1 && cat_count->rows != 1) ||\r
-            CV_MAT_TYPE(cat_count->type) != CV_32SC1 ||\r
-            cat_count->cols + cat_count->rows - 1 != cat_var_count + is_classifier ||\r
-            (cat_map->cols != 1 && cat_map->rows != 1) ||\r
-            CV_MAT_TYPE(cat_map->type) != CV_32SC1 )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError,\r
-            "Both cat_count and cat_map must exist and be valid 1d integer vectors of an appropriate size" );\r
-\r
-        ccount = cat_var_count + is_classifier;\r
-\r
-        CV_CALL( cat_ofs = cvCreateMat( 1, ccount + 1, CV_32SC1 ));\r
-        cat_ofs->data.i[0] = 0;\r
-        max_c_count = 1;\r
-\r
-        for( vi = 0; vi < ccount; vi++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int val = cat_count->data.i[vi];\r
-            if( val <= 0 )\r
-                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of cat_count elements are out of range" );\r
-            max_c_count = MAX( max_c_count, val );\r
-            cat_ofs->data.i[vi+1] = total_c_count += val;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( cat_map->cols + cat_map->rows - 1 != total_c_count )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadSize,\r
-            "cat_map vector length is not equal to the total number of categories in all categorical vars" );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    max_split_size = cvAlign(sizeof(CvDTreeSplit) +\r
-        (MAX(0,max_c_count - 33)/32)*sizeof(int),sizeof(void*));\r
-\r
-    tree_block_size = MAX((int)sizeof(CvDTreeNode)*8, max_split_size);\r
-    tree_block_size = MAX(tree_block_size + block_size_delta, min_block_size);\r
-    CV_CALL( tree_storage = cvCreateMemStorage( tree_block_size ));\r
-    CV_CALL( node_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(node_heap[0]),\r
-            sizeof(CvDTreeNode), tree_storage ));\r
-    CV_CALL( split_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(split_heap[0]),\r
-            max_split_size, tree_storage ));\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-float* CvDTreeTrainData::get_pred_float_buf()\r
-{\r
-    return &pred_float_buf[cv::getThreadNum()][0];\r
-}\r
-int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_pred_int_buf()\r
-{\r
-    return &pred_int_buf[cv::getThreadNum()][0];\r
-}\r
-float* CvDTreeTrainData::get_resp_float_buf()\r
-{\r
-    return &resp_float_buf[cv::getThreadNum()][0];\r
-}\r
-int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_resp_int_buf()\r
-{\r
-    return &resp_int_buf[cv::getThreadNum()][0];\r
-}\r
-int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_cv_lables_buf()\r
-{\r
-    return &cv_lables_buf[cv::getThreadNum()][0];\r
-}\r
-int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_sample_idx_buf()\r
-{\r
-    return &sample_idx_buf[cv::getThreadNum()][0];\r
-}\r
-\r
-/////////////////////// Decision Tree /////////////////////////\r
-\r
-CvDTree::CvDTree()\r
-{\r
-    data = 0;\r
-    var_importance = 0;\r
-    default_model_name = "my_tree";\r
-\r
-    clear();\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::clear()\r
-{\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &var_importance );\r
-    if( data )\r
-    {\r
-        if( !data->shared )\r
-            delete data;\r
-        else\r
-            free_tree();\r
-        data = 0;\r
-    }\r
-    root = 0;\r
-    pruned_tree_idx = -1;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTree::~CvDTree()\r
-{\r
-    clear();\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-const CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::get_root() const\r
-{\r
-    return root;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-int CvDTree::get_pruned_tree_idx() const\r
-{\r
-    return pruned_tree_idx;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeTrainData* CvDTree::get_data()\r
-{\r
-    return data;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-bool CvDTree::train( const CvMat* _train_data, int _tflag,\r
-                     const CvMat* _responses, const CvMat* _var_idx,\r
-                     const CvMat* _sample_idx, const CvMat* _var_type,\r
-                     const CvMat* _missing_mask, CvDTreeParams _params )\r
-{\r
-    bool result = false;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::train" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    clear();\r
-    data = new CvDTreeTrainData( _train_data, _tflag, _responses,\r
-                                 _var_idx, _sample_idx, _var_type,\r
-                                 _missing_mask, _params, false );\r
-    CV_CALL( result = do_train(0) );\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return result;\r
-}\r
-\r
-bool CvDTree::train( CvMLData* _data, CvDTreeParams _params )\r
-{\r
-   bool result = false;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::train" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    const CvMat* values = _data->get_values();\r
-    const CvMat* response = _data->get_response();\r
-    const CvMat* missing = _data->get_missing();\r
-    const CvMat* var_types = _data->get_var_types();\r
-    const CvMat* train_sidx = _data->get_train_sample_idx();\r
-    const CvMat* var_idx = _data->get_var_idx();\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( result = train( values, CV_ROW_SAMPLE, response, var_idx,\r
-        train_sidx, var_types, missing, _params ) );\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return result;\r
-}\r
-\r
-bool CvDTree::train( CvDTreeTrainData* _data, const CvMat* _subsample_idx )\r
-{\r
-    bool result = false;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::train" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    clear();\r
-    data = _data;\r
-    data->shared = true;\r
-    CV_CALL( result = do_train(_subsample_idx));\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return result;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-bool CvDTree::do_train( const CvMat* _subsample_idx )\r
-{\r
-    bool result = false;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::do_train" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    root = data->subsample_data( _subsample_idx );\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( try_split_node(root));\r
-\r
-    if( data->params.cv_folds > 0 )\r
-        CV_CALL( prune_cv());\r
-\r
-    if( !data->shared )\r
-        data->free_train_data();\r
-\r
-    result = true;\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return result;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::try_split_node( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* best_split = 0;\r
-    int i, n = node->sample_count, vi;\r
-    bool can_split = true;\r
-    double quality_scale;\r
-\r
-    calc_node_value( node );\r
-\r
-    if( node->sample_count <= data->params.min_sample_count ||\r
-        node->depth >= data->params.max_depth )\r
-        can_split = false;\r
-\r
-    if( can_split && data->is_classifier )\r
-    {\r
-        // check if we have a "pure" node,\r
-        // we assume that cls_count is filled by calc_node_value()\r
-        int* cls_count = data->counts->data.i;\r
-        int nz = 0, m = data->get_num_classes();\r
-        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )\r
-            nz += cls_count[i] != 0;\r
-        if( nz == 1 ) // there is only one class\r
-            can_split = false;\r
-    }\r
-    else if( can_split )\r
-    {\r
-        if( sqrt(node->node_risk)/n < data->params.regression_accuracy )\r
-            can_split = false;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( can_split )\r
-    {\r
-        best_split = find_best_split(node);\r
-        // TODO: check the split quality ...\r
-        node->split = best_split;\r
-    }\r
-    if( !can_split || !best_split )\r
-    {\r
-        data->free_node_data(node);\r
-        return;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    quality_scale = calc_node_dir( node );\r
-    if( data->params.use_surrogates )\r
-    {\r
-        // find all the surrogate splits\r
-        // and sort them by their similarity to the primary one\r
-        for( vi = 0; vi < data->var_count; vi++ )\r
-        {\r
-            CvDTreeSplit* split;\r
-            int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-\r
-            if( vi == best_split->var_idx )\r
-                continue;\r
-\r
-            if( ci >= 0 )\r
-                split = find_surrogate_split_cat( node, vi );\r
-            else\r
-                split = find_surrogate_split_ord( node, vi );\r
-\r
-            if( split )\r
-            {\r
-                // insert the split\r
-                CvDTreeSplit* prev_split = node->split;\r
-                split->quality = (float)(split->quality*quality_scale);\r
-\r
-                while( prev_split->next &&\r
-                       prev_split->next->quality > split->quality )\r
-                    prev_split = prev_split->next;\r
-                split->next = prev_split->next;\r
-                prev_split->next = split;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    split_node_data( node );\r
-    try_split_node( node->left );\r
-    try_split_node( node->right );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-// calculate direction (left(-1),right(1),missing(0))\r
-// for each sample using the best split\r
-// the function returns scale coefficients for surrogate split quality factors.\r
-// the scale is applied to normalize surrogate split quality relatively to the\r
-// best (primary) split quality. That is, if a surrogate split is absolutely\r
-// identical to the primary split, its quality will be set to the maximum value =\r
-// quality of the primary split; otherwise, it will be lower.\r
-// besides, the function compute node->maxlr,\r
-// minimum possible quality (w/o considering the above mentioned scale)\r
-// for a surrogate split. Surrogate splits with quality less than node->maxlr\r
-// are not discarded.\r
-double CvDTree::calc_node_dir( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;\r
-    int i, n = node->sample_count, vi = node->split->var_idx;\r
-    double L, R;\r
-\r
-    assert( !node->split->inversed );\r
-\r
-    if( data->get_var_type(vi) >= 0 ) // split on categorical var\r
-    {\r
-        int* labels_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-        const int* labels = 0;\r
-        const int* subset = node->split->subset;\r
-        data->get_cat_var_data( node, vi, labels_buf, &labels );\r
-        if( !data->have_priors )\r
-        {\r
-            int sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = labels[i];\r
-                int d = ( ((idx >= 0)&&(!data->is_buf_16u)) || ((idx != 65535)&&(data->is_buf_16u)) ) ?\r
-                    CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(idx,subset) : 0;\r
-                sum += d; sum_abs += d & 1;\r
-                dir[i] = (char)d;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            R = (sum_abs + sum) >> 1;\r
-            L = (sum_abs - sum) >> 1;\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;\r
-            double sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;\r
-            int *responses_buf = data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-            const int* responses;\r
-            data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = labels[i];\r
-                double w = priors[responses[i]];\r
-                int d = idx >= 0 ? CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(idx,subset) : 0;\r
-                sum += d*w; sum_abs += (d & 1)*w;\r
-                dir[i] = (char)d;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            R = (sum_abs + sum) * 0.5;\r
-            L = (sum_abs - sum) * 0.5;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    else // split on ordered var\r
-    {\r
-        int split_point = node->split->ord.split_point;\r
-        int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-        \r
-        float* val_buf = data->get_pred_float_buf();\r
-        const float* val = 0;\r
-        int* sorted_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-        const int* sorted = 0;\r
-        data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, val_buf, sorted_buf, &val, &sorted);\r
-        \r
-        assert( 0 <= split_point && split_point < n1-1 );\r
-\r
-        if( !data->have_priors )\r
-        {\r
-            for( i = 0; i <= split_point; i++ )\r
-                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)-1;\r
-            for( ; i < n1; i++ )\r
-                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)1;\r
-            for( ; i < n; i++ )\r
-                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)0;\r
-\r
-            L = split_point-1;\r
-            R = n1 - split_point + 1;\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;\r
-            int* responses_buf = data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-            const int* responses = 0;\r
-            data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-            L = R = 0;\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i <= split_point; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = sorted[i];\r
-                double w = priors[responses[idx]];\r
-                dir[idx] = (char)-1;\r
-                L += w;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( ; i < n1; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = sorted[i];\r
-                double w = priors[responses[idx]];\r
-                dir[idx] = (char)1;\r
-                R += w;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( ; i < n; i++ )\r
-                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)0;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    node->maxlr = MAX( L, R );\r
-    return node->split->quality/(L + R);\r
-}\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_best_split( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    int vi;\r
-    CvDTreeSplit *bestSplit = 0;\r
-    int maxNumThreads = 1;\r
-#ifdef _OPENMP\r
-    maxNumThreads = cv::getNumThreads();\r
-#endif\r
-    vector<CvDTreeSplit*> splits(maxNumThreads);\r
-    vector<CvDTreeSplit*> bestSplits(maxNumThreads);\r
-    for (int i = 0; i < maxNumThreads; i++)\r
-    {\r
-        splits[i] = data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f );\r
-        bestSplits[i] = data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    bool can_split = false;\r
-#ifdef _OPENMP\r
-#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(maxNumThreads) schedule(dynamic)\r
-#endif\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi < data->var_count; vi++ )\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeSplit *res, *t;\r
-        int threadIdx = cv::getThreadNum();\r
-        int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-        if( node->get_num_valid(vi) <= 1 )\r
-            continue;\r
-\r
-        if( data->is_classifier )\r
-        {\r
-            if( ci >= 0 )\r
-                res = find_split_cat_class( node, vi, bestSplits[threadIdx]->quality, splits[threadIdx] );\r
-            else\r
-                res = find_split_ord_class( node, vi, bestSplits[threadIdx]->quality, splits[threadIdx] );\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            if( ci >= 0 )\r
-                res = find_split_cat_reg( node, vi, bestSplits[threadIdx]->quality, splits[threadIdx] );\r
-            else\r
-                res = find_split_ord_reg( node, vi, bestSplits[threadIdx]->quality, splits[threadIdx] );\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( res )\r
-        {\r
-            can_split = true;\r
-            if( bestSplits[threadIdx]->quality < splits[threadIdx]->quality )\r
-                CV_SWAP( bestSplits[threadIdx], splits[threadIdx], t );\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    if ( can_split )\r
-    {\r
-        bestSplit = bestSplits[0];\r
-        for(int i = 1; i < maxNumThreads; i++)\r
-        {\r
-            if( bestSplit->quality < bestSplits[i]->quality )\r
-                bestSplit = bestSplits[i];\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    for(int i = 0; i < maxNumThreads; i++)\r
-    {\r
-        cvSetRemoveByPtr( data->split_heap, splits[i] );\r
-        if( bestSplits[i] != bestSplit )\r
-            cvSetRemoveByPtr( data->split_heap, bestSplits[i] );\r
-    }\r
-    return bestSplit;\r
-}\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_ord_class( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi,\r
-                                            float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split )\r
-{\r
-    const float epsilon = FLT_EPSILON*2;\r
-    int n = node->sample_count;\r
-    int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-    int m = data->get_num_classes();\r
-\r
-    float* values_buf = data->get_pred_float_buf();\r
-    const float* values = 0;\r
-    int* indices_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-    const int* indices = 0;\r
-    data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, indices_buf, &values, &indices );\r
-    int* responses_buf =  data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-    const int* responses = 0;\r
-    data->get_class_labels( node, responses_buf, &responses );\r
-\r
-    const int* rc0 = data->counts->data.i;\r
-    int* lc = (int*)cvStackAlloc(m*sizeof(lc[0]));\r
-    int* rc = (int*)cvStackAlloc(m*sizeof(rc[0]));\r
-    int i, best_i = -1;\r
-    double lsum2 = 0, rsum2 = 0, best_val = init_quality;\r
-    const double* priors = data->have_priors ? data->priors_mult->data.db : 0;\r
-\r
-    // init arrays of class instance counters on both sides of the split\r
-    for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        lc[i] = 0;\r
-        rc[i] = rc0[i];\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // compensate for missing values\r
-    for( i = n1; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        rc[responses[indices[i]]]--;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( !priors )\r
-    {\r
-        int L = 0, R = n1;\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )\r
-            rsum2 += (double)rc[i]*rc[i];\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = responses[indices[i]];\r
-            int lv, rv;\r
-            L++; R--;\r
-            lv = lc[idx]; rv = rc[idx];\r
-            lsum2 += lv*2 + 1;\r
-            rsum2 -= rv*2 - 1;\r
-            lc[idx] = lv + 1; rc[idx] = rv - 1;\r
-\r
-            if( values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-            {\r
-                double val = (lsum2*R + rsum2*L)/((double)L*R);\r
-                if( best_val < val )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = val;\r
-                    best_i = i;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        double L = 0, R = 0;\r
-        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double wv = rc[i]*priors[i];\r
-            R += wv;\r
-            rsum2 += wv*wv;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = responses[indices[i]];\r
-            int lv, rv;\r
-            double p = priors[idx], p2 = p*p;\r
-            L += p; R -= p;\r
-            lv = lc[idx]; rv = rc[idx];\r
-            lsum2 += p2*(lv*2 + 1);\r
-            rsum2 -= p2*(rv*2 - 1);\r
-            lc[idx] = lv + 1; rc[idx] = rv - 1;\r
-\r
-            if( values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-            {\r
-                double val = (lsum2*R + rsum2*L)/((double)L*R);\r
-                if( best_val < val )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = val;\r
-                    best_i = i;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;\r
-    if( best_i >= 0 )\r
-    {\r
-        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_ord( 0, 0.0f, 0, 0, 0.0f );\r
-        split->var_idx = vi;\r
-        split->ord.c = (values[best_i] + values[best_i+1])*0.5f;\r
-        split->ord.split_point = best_i;\r
-        split->inversed = 0;\r
-        split->quality = (float)best_val;\r
-    }\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::cluster_categories( const int* vectors, int n, int m,\r
-                                int* csums, int k, int* labels )\r
-{\r
-    // TODO: consider adding priors (class weights) and sample weights to the clustering algorithm\r
-    int iters = 0, max_iters = 100;\r
-    int i, j, idx;\r
-    double* buf = (double*)cvStackAlloc( (n + k)*sizeof(buf[0]) );\r
-    double *v_weights = buf, *c_weights = buf + k;\r
-    bool modified = true;\r
-    CvRNG* r = &data->rng;\r
-\r
-    // assign labels randomly\r
-    for( i = idx = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int sum = 0;\r
-        const int* v = vectors + i*m;\r
-        labels[i] = idx++;\r
-        idx &= idx < k ? -1 : 0;\r
-\r
-        // compute weight of each vector\r
-        for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )\r
-            sum += v[j];\r
-        v_weights[i] = sum ? 1./sum : 0.;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int i1 = cvRandInt(r) % n;\r
-        int i2 = cvRandInt(r) % n;\r
-        CV_SWAP( labels[i1], labels[i2], j );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    for( iters = 0; iters <= max_iters; iters++ )\r
-    {\r
-        // calculate csums\r
-        for( i = 0; i < k; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )\r
-                csums[i*m + j] = 0;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            const int* v = vectors + i*m;\r
-            int* s = csums + labels[i]*m;\r
-            for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )\r
-                s[j] += v[j];\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        // exit the loop here, when we have up-to-date csums\r
-        if( iters == max_iters || !modified )\r
-            break;\r
-\r
-        modified = false;\r
-\r
-        // calculate weight of each cluster\r
-        for( i = 0; i < k; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            const int* s = csums + i*m;\r
-            int sum = 0;\r
-            for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )\r
-                sum += s[j];\r
-            c_weights[i] = sum ? 1./sum : 0;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        // now for each vector determine the closest cluster\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            const int* v = vectors + i*m;\r
-            double alpha = v_weights[i];\r
-            double min_dist2 = DBL_MAX;\r
-            int min_idx = -1;\r
-\r
-            for( idx = 0; idx < k; idx++ )\r
-            {\r
-                const int* s = csums + idx*m;\r
-                double dist2 = 0., beta = c_weights[idx];\r
-                for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )\r
-                {\r
-                    double t = v[j]*alpha - s[j]*beta;\r
-                    dist2 += t*t;\r
-                }\r
-                if( min_dist2 > dist2 )\r
-                {\r
-                    min_dist2 = dist2;\r
-                    min_idx = idx;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            if( min_idx != labels[i] )\r
-                modified = true;\r
-            labels[i] = min_idx;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_cat_class( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split )\r
-{\r
-    int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-    int n = node->sample_count;\r
-    int m = data->get_num_classes();\r
-    int _mi = data->cat_count->data.i[ci], mi = _mi;\r
-\r
-    int* labels_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-    const int* labels = 0;\r
-    data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf, &labels);\r
-    int *responses_buf = data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-    const int* responses = 0;\r
-    data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-\r
-    int* lc = (int*)cvStackAlloc(m*sizeof(lc[0]));\r
-    int* rc = (int*)cvStackAlloc(m*sizeof(rc[0]));\r
-    int* _cjk = (int*)cvStackAlloc(m*(mi+1)*sizeof(_cjk[0]))+m, *cjk = _cjk;\r
-    double* c_weights = (double*)cvStackAlloc( mi*sizeof(c_weights[0]) );\r
-    int* cluster_labels = 0;\r
-    int** int_ptr = 0;\r
-    int i, j, k, idx;\r
-    double L = 0, R = 0;\r
-    double best_val = init_quality;\r
-    int prevcode = 0, best_subset = -1, subset_i, subset_n, subtract = 0;\r
-    const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;\r
-\r
-    // init array of counters:\r
-    // c_{jk} - number of samples that have vi-th input variable = j and response = k.\r
-    for( j = -1; j < mi; j++ )\r
-        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            cjk[j*m + k] = 0;\r
-\r
-    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-       j = ( labels[i] == 65535 && data->is_buf_16u) ? -1 : labels[i];\r
-       k = responses[i];\r
-       cjk[j*m + k]++;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( m > 2 )\r
-    {\r
-        if( mi > data->params.max_categories )\r
-        {\r
-            mi = MIN(data->params.max_categories, n);\r
-            cjk += _mi*m;\r
-            cluster_labels = (int*)cvStackAlloc(mi*sizeof(cluster_labels[0]));\r
-            cluster_categories( _cjk, _mi, m, cjk, mi, cluster_labels );\r
-        }\r
-        subset_i = 1;\r
-        subset_n = 1 << mi;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        assert( m == 2 );\r
-        int_ptr = (int**)cvStackAlloc( mi*sizeof(int_ptr[0]) );\r
-        for( j = 0; j < mi; j++ )\r
-            int_ptr[j] = cjk + j*2 + 1;\r
-        icvSortIntPtr( int_ptr, mi, 0 );\r
-        subset_i = 0;\r
-        subset_n = mi;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int sum = 0;\r
-        for( j = 0; j < mi; j++ )\r
-            sum += cjk[j*m + k];\r
-        rc[k] = sum;\r
-        lc[k] = 0;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    for( j = 0; j < mi; j++ )\r
-    {\r
-        double sum = 0;\r
-        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            sum += cjk[j*m + k]*priors[k];\r
-        c_weights[j] = sum;\r
-        R += c_weights[j];\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    for( ; subset_i < subset_n; subset_i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        double weight;\r
-        int* crow;\r
-        double lsum2 = 0, rsum2 = 0;\r
-\r
-        if( m == 2 )\r
-            idx = (int)(int_ptr[subset_i] - cjk)/2;\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            int graycode = (subset_i>>1)^subset_i;\r
-            int diff = graycode ^ prevcode;\r
-\r
-            // determine index of the changed bit.\r
-            Cv32suf u;\r
-            idx = diff >= (1 << 16) ? 16 : 0;\r
-            u.f = (float)(((diff >> 16) | diff) & 65535);\r
-            idx += (u.i >> 23) - 127;\r
-            subtract = graycode < prevcode;\r
-            prevcode = graycode;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        crow = cjk + idx*m;\r
-        weight = c_weights[idx];\r
-        if( weight < FLT_EPSILON )\r
-            continue;\r
-\r
-        if( !subtract )\r
-        {\r
-            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int t = crow[k];\r
-                int lval = lc[k] + t;\r
-                int rval = rc[k] - t;\r
-                double p = priors[k], p2 = p*p;\r
-                lsum2 += p2*lval*lval;\r
-                rsum2 += p2*rval*rval;\r
-                lc[k] = lval; rc[k] = rval;\r
-            }\r
-            L += weight;\r
-            R -= weight;\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int t = crow[k];\r
-                int lval = lc[k] - t;\r
-                int rval = rc[k] + t;\r
-                double p = priors[k], p2 = p*p;\r
-                lsum2 += p2*lval*lval;\r
-                rsum2 += p2*rval*rval;\r
-                lc[k] = lval; rc[k] = rval;\r
-            }\r
-            L -= weight;\r
-            R += weight;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( L > FLT_EPSILON && R > FLT_EPSILON )\r
-        {\r
-            double val = (lsum2*R + rsum2*L)/((double)L*R);\r
-            if( best_val < val )\r
-            {\r
-                best_val = val;\r
-                best_subset = subset_i;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;\r
-    if( best_subset >= 0 ) \r
-    {\r
-        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f );\r
-        split->var_idx = vi;\r
-        split->quality = (float)best_val;\r
-        memset( split->subset, 0, (data->max_c_count + 31)/32 * sizeof(int));\r
-        if( m == 2 )\r
-        {\r
-            for( i = 0; i <= best_subset; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                idx = (int)(int_ptr[i] - cjk) >> 1;\r
-                split->subset[idx >> 5] |= 1 << (idx & 31);\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            for( i = 0; i < _mi; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                idx = cluster_labels ? cluster_labels[i] : i;\r
-                if( best_subset & (1 << idx) )\r
-                    split->subset[i >> 5] |= 1 << (i & 31);\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_ord_reg( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split )\r
-{\r
-    const float epsilon = FLT_EPSILON*2;\r
-    int n = node->sample_count;\r
-    int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-\r
-    float* values_buf = data->get_pred_float_buf();\r
-    const float* values = 0;\r
-    int* indices_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-    const int* indices = 0;\r
-    data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, indices_buf, &values, &indices );\r
-    float* responses_buf =  data->get_resp_float_buf();\r
-    const float* responses = 0;\r
-    data->get_ord_responses( node, responses_buf, &responses );\r
-\r
-    int i, best_i = -1;\r
-    double best_val = init_quality, lsum = 0, rsum = node->value*n;\r
-    int L = 0, R = n1;\r
-\r
-    // compensate for missing values\r
-    for( i = n1; i < n; i++ )\r
-        rsum -= responses[indices[i]];\r
-\r
-    // find the optimal split\r
-    for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        float t = responses[indices[i]];\r
-        L++; R--;\r
-        lsum += t;\r
-        rsum -= t;\r
-\r
-        if( values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-        {\r
-            double val = (lsum*lsum*R + rsum*rsum*L)/((double)L*R);\r
-            if( best_val < val )\r
-            {\r
-                best_val = val;\r
-                best_i = i;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;\r
-    if( best_i >= 0 )\r
-    {\r
-        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_ord( 0, 0.0f, 0, 0, 0.0f );\r
-        split->var_idx = vi;\r
-        split->ord.c = (values[best_i] + values[best_i+1])*0.5f;\r
-        split->ord.split_point = best_i;\r
-        split->inversed = 0;\r
-        split->quality = (float)best_val;\r
-    }\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_cat_reg( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split )\r
-{\r
-    int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-    int n = node->sample_count;\r
-    int mi = data->cat_count->data.i[ci];\r
-    int* labels_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-    const int* labels = 0;\r
-    float* responses_buf = data->get_resp_float_buf();\r
-    const float* responses = 0;\r
-    data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf, &labels);\r
-    data->get_ord_responses(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-\r
-    double* sum = (double*)cvStackAlloc( (mi+1)*sizeof(sum[0]) ) + 1;\r
-    int* counts = (int*)cvStackAlloc( (mi+1)*sizeof(counts[0]) ) + 1;\r
-    double** sum_ptr = (double**)cvStackAlloc( (mi+1)*sizeof(sum_ptr[0]) );\r
-    int i, L = 0, R = 0;\r
-    double best_val = init_quality, lsum = 0, rsum = 0;\r
-    int best_subset = -1, subset_i;\r
-\r
-    for( i = -1; i < mi; i++ )\r
-        sum[i] = counts[i] = 0;\r
-\r
-    // calculate sum response and weight of each category of the input var\r
-    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int idx = ( (labels[i] == 65535) && data->is_buf_16u ) ? -1 : labels[i];\r
-        double s = sum[idx] + responses[i];\r
-        int nc = counts[idx] + 1;\r
-        sum[idx] = s;\r
-        counts[idx] = nc;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // calculate average response in each category\r
-    for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        R += counts[i];\r
-        rsum += sum[i];\r
-        sum[i] /= MAX(counts[i],1);\r
-        sum_ptr[i] = sum + i;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    icvSortDblPtr( sum_ptr, mi, 0 );\r
-\r
-    // revert back to unnormalized sums\r
-    // (there should be a very little loss of accuracy)\r
-    for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )\r
-        sum[i] *= counts[i];\r
-\r
-    for( subset_i = 0; subset_i < mi-1; subset_i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int idx = (int)(sum_ptr[subset_i] - sum);\r
-        int ni = counts[idx];\r
-\r
-        if( ni )\r
-        {\r
-            double s = sum[idx];\r
-            lsum += s; L += ni;\r
-            rsum -= s; R -= ni;\r
-\r
-            if( L && R )\r
-            {\r
-                double val = (lsum*lsum*R + rsum*rsum*L)/((double)L*R);\r
-                if( best_val < val )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = val;\r
-                    best_subset = subset_i;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;\r
-    if( best_subset >= 0 )\r
-    {\r
-        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f);\r
-        split->var_idx = vi;\r
-        split->quality = (float)best_val;\r
-        memset( split->subset, 0, (data->max_c_count + 31)/32 * sizeof(int));\r
-        for( i = 0; i <= best_subset; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = (int)(sum_ptr[i] - sum);\r
-            split->subset[idx >> 5] |= 1 << (idx & 31);\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_surrogate_split_ord( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi )\r
-{\r
-    const float epsilon = FLT_EPSILON*2;\r
-    const char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;\r
-    int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-    float* values_buf = data->get_pred_float_buf();\r
-    const float* values = 0;\r
-    int* indices_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-    const int* indices = 0;\r
-    data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, indices_buf, &values, &indices );\r
-    // LL - number of samples that both the primary and the surrogate splits send to the left\r
-    // LR - ... primary split sends to the left and the surrogate split sends to the right\r
-    // RL - ... primary split sends to the right and the surrogate split sends to the left\r
-    // RR - ... both send to the right\r
-    int i, best_i = -1, best_inversed = 0;\r
-    double best_val;\r
-\r
-    if( !data->have_priors )\r
-    {\r
-        int LL = 0, RL = 0, LR, RR;\r
-        int worst_val = cvFloor(node->maxlr), _best_val = worst_val;\r
-        int sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int d = dir[indices[i]];\r
-            sum += d; sum_abs += d & 1;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        // sum_abs = R + L; sum = R - L\r
-        RR = (sum_abs + sum) >> 1;\r
-        LR = (sum_abs - sum) >> 1;\r
-\r
-        // initially all the samples are sent to the right by the surrogate split,\r
-        // LR of them are sent to the left by primary split, and RR - to the right.\r
-        // now iteratively compute LL, LR, RL and RR for every possible surrogate split value.\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int d = dir[indices[i]];\r
-\r
-            if( d < 0 )\r
-            {\r
-                LL++; LR--;\r
-                if( LL + RR > _best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = LL + RR;\r
-                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 0;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-            else if( d > 0 )\r
-            {\r
-                RL++; RR--;\r
-                if( RL + LR > _best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = RL + LR;\r
-                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 1;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        best_val = _best_val;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        double LL = 0, RL = 0, LR, RR;\r
-        double worst_val = node->maxlr;\r
-        double sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;\r
-        const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;\r
-        int* responses_buf = data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-        const int* responses = 0;\r
-        data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-        best_val = worst_val;\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = indices[i];\r
-            double w = priors[responses[idx]];\r
-            int d = dir[idx];\r
-            sum += d*w; sum_abs += (d & 1)*w;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        // sum_abs = R + L; sum = R - L\r
-        RR = (sum_abs + sum)*0.5;\r
-        LR = (sum_abs - sum)*0.5;\r
-\r
-        // initially all the samples are sent to the right by the surrogate split,\r
-        // LR of them are sent to the left by primary split, and RR - to the right.\r
-        // now iteratively compute LL, LR, RL and RR for every possible surrogate split value.\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = indices[i];\r
-            double w = priors[responses[idx]];\r
-            int d = dir[idx];\r
-\r
-            if( d < 0 )\r
-            {\r
-                LL += w; LR -= w;\r
-                if( LL + RR > best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = LL + RR;\r
-                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 0;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-            else if( d > 0 )\r
-            {\r
-                RL += w; RR -= w;\r
-                if( RL + LR > best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )\r
-                {\r
-                    best_val = RL + LR;\r
-                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 1;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    return best_i >= 0 && best_val > node->maxlr ? data->new_split_ord( vi,\r
-        (values[best_i] + values[best_i+1])*0.5f, best_i, best_inversed, (float)best_val ) : 0;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_surrogate_split_cat( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi )\r
-{\r
-    const char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;\r
-    int n = node->sample_count;\r
-    int* labels_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-    const int* labels = 0;\r
-    data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf, &labels);\r
-    // LL - number of samples that both the primary and the surrogate splits send to the left\r
-    // LR - ... primary split sends to the left and the surrogate split sends to the right\r
-    // RL - ... primary split sends to the right and the surrogate split sends to the left\r
-    // RR - ... both send to the right\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = data->new_split_cat( vi, 0 );\r
-    int i, mi = data->cat_count->data.i[data->get_var_type(vi)], l_win = 0;\r
-    double best_val = 0;\r
-    double* lc = (double*)cvStackAlloc( (mi+1)*2*sizeof(lc[0]) ) + 1;\r
-    double* rc = lc + mi + 1;\r
-\r
-    for( i = -1; i < mi; i++ )\r
-        lc[i] = rc[i] = 0;\r
-\r
-    // for each category calculate the weight of samples\r
-    // sent to the left (lc) and to the right (rc) by the primary split\r
-    if( !data->have_priors )\r
-    {\r
-        int* _lc = (int*)cvStackAlloc((mi+2)*2*sizeof(_lc[0])) + 1;\r
-        int* _rc = _lc + mi + 1;\r
-\r
-        for( i = -1; i < mi; i++ )\r
-            _lc[i] = _rc[i] = 0;\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = ( (labels[i] == 65535) && (data->is_buf_16u) ) ? -1 : labels[i];\r
-            int d = dir[i];\r
-            int sum = _lc[idx] + d;\r
-            int sum_abs = _rc[idx] + (d & 1);\r
-            _lc[idx] = sum; _rc[idx] = sum_abs;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int sum = _lc[i];\r
-            int sum_abs = _rc[i];\r
-            lc[i] = (sum_abs - sum) >> 1;\r
-            rc[i] = (sum_abs + sum) >> 1;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;\r
-        int* responses_buf = data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-        const int* responses = 0;\r
-        data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int idx = ( (labels[i] == 65535) && (data->is_buf_16u) ) ? -1 : labels[i];\r
-            double w = priors[responses[i]];\r
-            int d = dir[i];\r
-            double sum = lc[idx] + d*w;\r
-            double sum_abs = rc[idx] + (d & 1)*w;\r
-            lc[idx] = sum; rc[idx] = sum_abs;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double sum = lc[i];\r
-            double sum_abs = rc[i];\r
-            lc[i] = (sum_abs - sum) * 0.5;\r
-            rc[i] = (sum_abs + sum) * 0.5;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // 2. now form the split.\r
-    // in each category send all the samples to the same direction as majority\r
-    for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        double lval = lc[i], rval = rc[i];\r
-        if( lval > rval )\r
-        {\r
-            split->subset[i >> 5] |= 1 << (i & 31);\r
-            best_val += lval;\r
-            l_win++;\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-            best_val += rval;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    split->quality = (float)best_val;\r
-    if( split->quality <= node->maxlr || l_win == 0 || l_win == mi )\r
-        cvSetRemoveByPtr( data->split_heap, split ), split = 0;\r
-\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::calc_node_value( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    int i, j, k, n = node->sample_count, cv_n = data->params.cv_folds;\r
-    int* cv_labels_buf = data->get_cv_lables_buf();\r
-    const int* cv_labels = 0;\r
-    data->get_cv_labels(node, cv_labels_buf, &cv_labels);\r
-\r
-    if( data->is_classifier )\r
-    {\r
-        // in case of classification tree:\r
-        //  * node value is the label of the class that has the largest weight in the node.\r
-        //  * node risk is the weighted number of misclassified samples,\r
-        //  * j-th cross-validation fold value and risk are calculated as above,\r
-        //    but using the samples with cv_labels(*)!=j.\r
-        //  * j-th cross-validation fold error is calculated as the weighted number of\r
-        //    misclassified samples with cv_labels(*)==j.\r
-\r
-        // compute the number of instances of each class\r
-        int* cls_count = data->counts->data.i;\r
-        int* responses_buf = data->get_resp_int_buf();\r
-        const int* responses = 0;\r
-        data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf, &responses);\r
-        int m = data->get_num_classes();\r
-        int* cv_cls_count = (int*)cvStackAlloc(m*cv_n*sizeof(cv_cls_count[0]));\r
-        double max_val = -1, total_weight = 0;\r
-        int max_k = -1;\r
-        double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;\r
-\r
-        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            cls_count[k] = 0;\r
-\r
-        if( cv_n == 0 )\r
-        {\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-                cls_count[responses[i]]++;\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-                for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-                    cv_cls_count[j*m + k] = 0;\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                j = cv_labels[i]; k = responses[i];\r
-                cv_cls_count[j*m + k]++;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-                for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-                    cls_count[k] += cv_cls_count[j*m + k];\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( data->have_priors && node->parent == 0 )\r
-        {\r
-            // compute priors_mult from priors, take the sample ratio into account.\r
-            double sum = 0;\r
-            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int n_k = cls_count[k];\r
-                priors[k] = data->priors->data.db[k]*(n_k ? 1./n_k : 0.);\r
-                sum += priors[k];\r
-            }\r
-            sum = 1./sum;\r
-            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-                priors[k] *= sum;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double val = cls_count[k]*priors[k];\r
-            total_weight += val;\r
-            if( max_val < val )\r
-            {\r
-                max_val = val;\r
-                max_k = k;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        node->class_idx = max_k;\r
-        node->value = data->cat_map->data.i[\r
-            data->cat_ofs->data.i[data->cat_var_count] + max_k];\r
-        node->node_risk = total_weight - max_val;\r
-\r
-        for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double sum_k = 0, sum = 0, max_val_k = 0;\r
-            max_val = -1; max_k = -1;\r
-\r
-            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )\r
-            {\r
-                double w = priors[k];\r
-                double val_k = cv_cls_count[j*m + k]*w;\r
-                double val = cls_count[k]*w - val_k;\r
-                sum_k += val_k;\r
-                sum += val;\r
-                if( max_val < val )\r
-                {\r
-                    max_val = val;\r
-                    max_val_k = val_k;\r
-                    max_k = k;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            node->cv_Tn[j] = INT_MAX;\r
-            node->cv_node_risk[j] = sum - max_val;\r
-            node->cv_node_error[j] = sum_k - max_val_k;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        // in case of regression tree:\r
-        //  * node value is 1/n*sum_i(Y_i), where Y_i is i-th response,\r
-        //    n is the number of samples in the node.\r
-        //  * node risk is the sum of squared errors: sum_i((Y_i - <node_value>)^2)\r
-        //  * j-th cross-validation fold value and risk are calculated as above,\r
-        //    but using the samples with cv_labels(*)!=j.\r
-        //  * j-th cross-validation fold error is calculated\r
-        //    using samples with cv_labels(*)==j as the test subset:\r
-        //    error_j = sum_(i,cv_labels(i)==j)((Y_i - <node_value_j>)^2),\r
-        //    where node_value_j is the node value calculated\r
-        //    as described in the previous bullet, and summation is done\r
-        //    over the samples with cv_labels(*)==j.\r
-\r
-        double sum = 0, sum2 = 0;\r
-        float* values_buf = data->get_resp_float_buf();\r
-        const float* values = 0;\r
-        data->get_ord_responses(node, values_buf, &values);\r
-        double *cv_sum = 0, *cv_sum2 = 0;\r
-        int* cv_count = 0;\r
-\r
-        if( cv_n == 0 )\r
-        {\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                double t = values[i];\r
-                sum += t;\r
-                sum2 += t*t;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            cv_sum = (double*)cvStackAlloc( cv_n*sizeof(cv_sum[0]) );\r
-            cv_sum2 = (double*)cvStackAlloc( cv_n*sizeof(cv_sum2[0]) );\r
-            cv_count = (int*)cvStackAlloc( cv_n*sizeof(cv_count[0]) );\r
-\r
-            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-            {\r
-                cv_sum[j] = cv_sum2[j] = 0.;\r
-                cv_count[j] = 0;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                j = cv_labels[i];\r
-                double t = values[i];\r
-                double s = cv_sum[j] + t;\r
-                double s2 = cv_sum2[j] + t*t;\r
-                int nc = cv_count[j] + 1;\r
-                cv_sum[j] = s;\r
-                cv_sum2[j] = s2;\r
-                cv_count[j] = nc;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-            {\r
-                sum += cv_sum[j];\r
-                sum2 += cv_sum2[j];\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        node->node_risk = sum2 - (sum/n)*sum;\r
-        node->value = sum/n;\r
-\r
-        for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double s = cv_sum[j], si = sum - s;\r
-            double s2 = cv_sum2[j], s2i = sum2 - s2;\r
-            int c = cv_count[j], ci = n - c;\r
-            double r = si/MAX(ci,1);\r
-            node->cv_node_risk[j] = s2i - r*r*ci;\r
-            node->cv_node_error[j] = s2 - 2*r*s + c*r*r;\r
-            node->cv_Tn[j] = INT_MAX;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::complete_node_dir( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    int vi, i, n = node->sample_count, nl, nr, d0 = 0, d1 = -1;\r
-    int nz = n - node->get_num_valid(node->split->var_idx);\r
-    char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;\r
-\r
-    // try to complete direction using surrogate splits\r
-    if( nz && data->params.use_surrogates )\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split->next;\r
-        for( ; split != 0 && nz; split = split->next )\r
-        {\r
-            int inversed_mask = split->inversed ? -1 : 0;\r
-            vi = split->var_idx;\r
-\r
-            if( data->get_var_type(vi) >= 0 ) // split on categorical var\r
-            {\r
-                int* labels_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-                const int* labels = 0;\r
-                data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf, &labels);\r
-                const int* subset = split->subset;\r
-\r
-                for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-                {\r
-                    int idx = labels[i];\r
-                    if( !dir[i] && ( ((idx >= 0)&&(!data->is_buf_16u)) || ((idx != 65535)&&(data->is_buf_16u)) ))\r
-                        \r
-                    {\r
-                        int d = CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(idx,subset);\r
-                        dir[i] = (char)((d ^ inversed_mask) - inversed_mask);\r
-                        if( --nz )\r
-                            break;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-            else // split on ordered var\r
-            {\r
-                float* values_buf = data->get_pred_float_buf();\r
-                const float* values = 0;\r
-                int* indices_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-                const int* indices = 0;\r
-                data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, indices_buf, &values, &indices );\r
-                int split_point = split->ord.split_point;\r
-                int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-\r
-                assert( 0 <= split_point && split_point < n-1 );\r
-\r
-                for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )\r
-                {\r
-                    int idx = indices[i];\r
-                    if( !dir[idx] )\r
-                    {\r
-                        int d = i <= split_point ? -1 : 1;\r
-                        dir[idx] = (char)((d ^ inversed_mask) - inversed_mask);\r
-                        if( --nz )\r
-                            break;\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // find the default direction for the rest\r
-    if( nz )\r
-    {\r
-        for( i = nr = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            nr += dir[i] > 0;\r
-        nl = n - nr - nz;\r
-        d0 = nl > nr ? -1 : nr > nl;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // make sure that every sample is directed either to the left or to the right\r
-    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int d = dir[i];\r
-        if( !d )\r
-        {\r
-            d = d0;\r
-            if( !d )\r
-                d = d1, d1 = -d1;\r
-        }\r
-        d = d > 0;\r
-        dir[i] = (char)d; // remap (-1,1) to (0,1)\r
-    }\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::split_node_data( CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    int vi, i, n = node->sample_count, nl, nr, scount = data->sample_count;\r
-    char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;\r
-    CvDTreeNode *left = 0, *right = 0;\r
-    int* new_idx = data->split_buf->data.i;\r
-    int new_buf_idx = data->get_child_buf_idx( node );\r
-    int work_var_count = data->get_work_var_count();\r
-    CvMat* buf = data->buf;\r
-    int* temp_buf = (int*)cvStackAlloc(n*sizeof(temp_buf[0]));\r
-\r
-    complete_node_dir(node);\r
-\r
-    for( i = nl = nr = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int d = dir[i];\r
-        // initialize new indices for splitting ordered variables\r
-        new_idx[i] = (nl & (d-1)) | (nr & -d); // d ? ri : li\r
-        nr += d;\r
-        nl += d^1;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-\r
-    bool split_input_data;\r
-    node->left = left = data->new_node( node, nl, new_buf_idx, node->offset );\r
-    node->right = right = data->new_node( node, nr, new_buf_idx, node->offset + nl );\r
-\r
-    split_input_data = node->depth + 1 < data->params.max_depth &&\r
-        (node->left->sample_count > data->params.min_sample_count ||\r
-        node->right->sample_count > data->params.min_sample_count);\r
-\r
-    // split ordered variables, keep both halves sorted.\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi < data->var_count; vi++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-        int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);\r
-        int *src_idx_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-        const int* src_idx = 0;\r
-        float *src_val_buf = data->get_pred_float_buf();\r
-        const float* src_val = 0;\r
-        \r
-        if( ci >= 0 || !split_input_data )\r
-            continue;\r
-\r
-        data->get_ord_var_data(node, vi, src_val_buf, src_idx_buf, &src_val, &src_idx);\r
-\r
-        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)\r
-            temp_buf[i] = src_idx[i];\r
-\r
-        if (data->is_buf_16u)\r
-        {\r
-            unsigned short *ldst, *rdst, *ldst0, *rdst0;\r
-            //unsigned short tl, tr;\r
-            ldst0 = ldst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + left->offset);\r
-            rdst0 = rdst = (unsigned short*)(ldst + nl);\r
-\r
-            // split sorted\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-                int d = dir[idx];\r
-                idx = new_idx[idx];\r
-                if (d)\r
-                {\r
-                    *rdst = (unsigned short)idx;\r
-                    rdst++;\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    *ldst = (unsigned short)idx;\r
-                    ldst++;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            left->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(ldst - ldst0));\r
-            right->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(rdst - rdst0));\r
-\r
-            // split missing\r
-            for( ; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-                int d = dir[idx];\r
-                idx = new_idx[idx];\r
-                if (d)\r
-                {\r
-                    *rdst = (unsigned short)idx;\r
-                    rdst++;\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    *ldst = (unsigned short)idx;\r
-                    ldst++;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            int *ldst0, *ldst, *rdst0, *rdst;\r
-            ldst0 = ldst = buf->data.i + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + left->offset;\r
-            rdst0 = rdst = buf->data.i + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + right->offset;\r
-\r
-            // split sorted\r
-            for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-                int d = dir[idx];\r
-                idx = new_idx[idx];\r
-                if (d)\r
-                {\r
-                    *rdst = idx;\r
-                    rdst++;\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    *ldst = idx;\r
-                    ldst++;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            left->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(ldst - ldst0));\r
-            right->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(rdst - rdst0));\r
-\r
-            // split missing\r
-            for( ; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-                int d = dir[idx];\r
-                idx = new_idx[idx];\r
-                if (d)\r
-                {\r
-                    *rdst = idx;\r
-                    rdst++;\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    *ldst = idx;\r
-                    ldst++;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    // split categorical vars, responses and cv_labels using new_idx relocation table\r
-    for( vi = 0; vi < work_var_count; vi++ )\r
-    {\r
-        int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-        int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi), nr1 = 0;\r
-        \r
-        if( ci < 0 || (vi < data->var_count && !split_input_data) )\r
-            continue;\r
-\r
-        int *src_lbls_buf = data->get_pred_int_buf();\r
-        const int* src_lbls = 0;\r
-        data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, src_lbls_buf, &src_lbls);\r
-\r
-        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)\r
-            temp_buf[i] = src_lbls[i];\r
-\r
-        if (data->is_buf_16u)\r
-        {\r
-            unsigned short *ldst = (unsigned short *)(buf->data.s + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + left->offset);\r
-            unsigned short *rdst = (unsigned short *)(buf->data.s + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + right->offset);\r
-            \r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int d = dir[i];\r
-                int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-                if (d)\r
-                {\r
-                    *rdst = (unsigned short)idx;\r
-                    rdst++;\r
-                    nr1 += (idx != 65535 )&d;\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    *ldst = (unsigned short)idx;\r
-                    ldst++;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            if( vi < data->var_count )\r
-            {\r
-                left->set_num_valid(vi, n1 - nr1);\r
-                right->set_num_valid(vi, nr1);\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            int *ldst = buf->data.i + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + left->offset;\r
-            int *rdst = buf->data.i + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-                vi*scount + right->offset;\r
-            \r
-            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                int d = dir[i];\r
-                int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-                if (d)\r
-                {\r
-                    *rdst = idx;\r
-                    rdst++;\r
-                    nr1 += (idx >= 0)&d;\r
-                }\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    *ldst = idx;\r
-                    ldst++;\r
-                }\r
-                \r
-            }\r
-\r
-            if( vi < data->var_count )\r
-            {\r
-                left->set_num_valid(vi, n1 - nr1);\r
-                right->set_num_valid(vi, nr1);\r
-            }\r
-        }        \r
-    }\r
-\r
-\r
-    // split sample indices\r
-    int *sample_idx_src_buf = data->get_sample_idx_buf();\r
-    const int* sample_idx_src = 0;\r
-    data->get_sample_indices(node, sample_idx_src_buf, &sample_idx_src);\r
-\r
-    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)\r
-        temp_buf[i] = sample_idx_src[i];\r
-\r
-    int pos = data->get_work_var_count();\r
-    if (data->is_buf_16u)\r
-    {\r
-        unsigned short* ldst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-            pos*scount + left->offset);\r
-        unsigned short* rdst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-            pos*scount + right->offset);\r
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)\r
-        {\r
-            int d = dir[i];\r
-            unsigned short idx = (unsigned short)temp_buf[i];\r
-            if (d)\r
-            {\r
-                *rdst = idx;\r
-                rdst++;\r
-            }\r
-            else\r
-            {\r
-                *ldst = idx;\r
-                ldst++;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        int* ldst = buf->data.i + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-            pos*scount + left->offset;\r
-        int* rdst = buf->data.i + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + \r
-            pos*scount + right->offset;\r
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)\r
-        {\r
-            int d = dir[i];\r
-            int idx = temp_buf[i];\r
-            if (d)\r
-            {\r
-                *rdst = idx;\r
-                rdst++;\r
-            }\r
-            else\r
-            {\r
-                *ldst = idx;\r
-                ldst++;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-    \r
-    // deallocate the parent node data that is not needed anymore\r
-    data->free_node_data(node);    \r
-}\r
-\r
-float CvDTree::calc_error( CvMLData* _data, int type )\r
-{\r
-    float err = 0;\r
-    const CvMat* values = _data->get_values();\r
-    const CvMat* response = _data->get_response();\r
-    const CvMat* missing = _data->get_missing();\r
-    const CvMat* sample_idx = (type == CV_TEST_ERROR) ? _data->get_test_sample_idx() : _data->get_train_sample_idx();\r
-    const CvMat* var_types = _data->get_var_types();\r
-    int* sidx = sample_idx ? sample_idx->data.i : 0;\r
-    int r_step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(response->type) ?\r
-                1 : response->step / CV_ELEM_SIZE(response->type);\r
-    bool is_classifier = var_types->data.ptr[var_types->cols-1] == CV_VAR_CATEGORICAL;\r
-    int sample_count = sample_idx ? sample_idx->cols : 0;\r
-    sample_count = (type == CV_TRAIN_ERROR && sample_count == 0) ? values->rows : sample_count;\r
-    if ( is_classifier )\r
-    {\r
-        for( int i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            CvMat sample, miss;\r
-            int si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-            cvGetRow( values, &sample, si ); \r
-            if( missing ) \r
-                cvGetRow( missing, &miss, si );             \r
-            float r = (float)predict( &sample, missing ? &miss : 0 )->value;\r
-            int d = fabs((double)r - response->data.fl[si*r_step]) <= FLT_EPSILON ? 0 : 1;\r
-            err += d;\r
-        }\r
-        err = sample_count ? err / (float)sample_count * 100 : -FLT_MAX;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        for( int i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            CvMat sample, miss;\r
-            int si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;\r
-            cvGetRow( values, &sample, si ); \r
-            if( missing ) \r
-                cvGetRow( missing, &miss, si );             \r
-            float r = (float)predict( &sample, missing ? &miss : 0 )->value;\r
-            float d = r - response->data.fl[si*r_step];\r
-            err += d*d;\r
-        }\r
-        err = sample_count ? err / (float)sample_count : -FLT_MAX;    \r
-    }\r
-    return err;\r
-}\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::prune_cv()\r
-{\r
-    CvMat* ab = 0;\r
-    CvMat* temp = 0;\r
-    CvMat* err_jk = 0;\r
-\r
-    // 1. build tree sequence for each cv fold, calculate error_{Tj,beta_k}.\r
-    // 2. choose the best tree index (if need, apply 1SE rule).\r
-    // 3. store the best index and cut the branches.\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::prune_cv" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    int ti, j, tree_count = 0, cv_n = data->params.cv_folds, n = root->sample_count;\r
-    // currently, 1SE for regression is not implemented\r
-    bool use_1se = data->params.use_1se_rule != 0 && data->is_classifier;\r
-    double* err;\r
-    double min_err = 0, min_err_se = 0;\r
-    int min_idx = -1;\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( ab = cvCreateMat( 1, 256, CV_64F ));\r
-\r
-    // build the main tree sequence, calculate alpha's\r
-    for(;;tree_count++)\r
-    {\r
-        double min_alpha = update_tree_rnc(tree_count, -1);\r
-        if( cut_tree(tree_count, -1, min_alpha) )\r
-            break;\r
-\r
-        if( ab->cols <= tree_count )\r
-        {\r
-            CV_CALL( temp = cvCreateMat( 1, ab->cols*3/2, CV_64F ));\r
-            for( ti = 0; ti < ab->cols; ti++ )\r
-                temp->data.db[ti] = ab->data.db[ti];\r
-            cvReleaseMat( &ab );\r
-            ab = temp;\r
-            temp = 0;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        ab->data.db[tree_count] = min_alpha;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    ab->data.db[0] = 0.;\r
-\r
-    if( tree_count > 0 )\r
-    {\r
-        for( ti = 1; ti < tree_count-1; ti++ )\r
-            ab->data.db[ti] = sqrt(ab->data.db[ti]*ab->data.db[ti+1]);\r
-        ab->data.db[tree_count-1] = DBL_MAX*0.5;\r
-\r
-        CV_CALL( err_jk = cvCreateMat( cv_n, tree_count, CV_64F ));\r
-        err = err_jk->data.db;\r
-\r
-        for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int tj = 0, tk = 0;\r
-            for( ; tk < tree_count; tj++ )\r
-            {\r
-                double min_alpha = update_tree_rnc(tj, j);\r
-                if( cut_tree(tj, j, min_alpha) )\r
-                    min_alpha = DBL_MAX;\r
-\r
-                for( ; tk < tree_count; tk++ )\r
-                {\r
-                    if( ab->data.db[tk] > min_alpha )\r
-                        break;\r
-                    err[j*tree_count + tk] = root->tree_error;\r
-                }\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( ti = 0; ti < tree_count; ti++ )\r
-        {\r
-            double sum_err = 0;\r
-            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )\r
-                sum_err += err[j*tree_count + ti];\r
-            if( ti == 0 || sum_err < min_err )\r
-            {\r
-                min_err = sum_err;\r
-                min_idx = ti;\r
-                if( use_1se )\r
-                    min_err_se = sqrt( sum_err*(n - sum_err) );\r
-            }\r
-            else if( sum_err < min_err + min_err_se )\r
-                min_idx = ti;\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    pruned_tree_idx = min_idx;\r
-    free_prune_data(data->params.truncate_pruned_tree != 0);\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &err_jk );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &ab );\r
-    cvReleaseMat( &temp );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-double CvDTree::update_tree_rnc( int T, int fold )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = root;\r
-    double min_alpha = DBL_MAX;\r
-\r
-    for(;;)\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeNode* parent;\r
-        for(;;)\r
-        {\r
-            int t = fold >= 0 ? node->cv_Tn[fold] : node->Tn;\r
-            if( t <= T || !node->left )\r
-            {\r
-                node->complexity = 1;\r
-                node->tree_risk = node->node_risk;\r
-                node->tree_error = 0.;\r
-                if( fold >= 0 )\r
-                {\r
-                    node->tree_risk = node->cv_node_risk[fold];\r
-                    node->tree_error = node->cv_node_error[fold];\r
-                }\r
-                break;\r
-            }\r
-            node = node->left;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;\r
-            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )\r
-        {\r
-            parent->complexity += node->complexity;\r
-            parent->tree_risk += node->tree_risk;\r
-            parent->tree_error += node->tree_error;\r
-\r
-            parent->alpha = ((fold >= 0 ? parent->cv_node_risk[fold] : parent->node_risk)\r
-                - parent->tree_risk)/(parent->complexity - 1);\r
-            min_alpha = MIN( min_alpha, parent->alpha );\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( !parent )\r
-            break;\r
-\r
-        parent->complexity = node->complexity;\r
-        parent->tree_risk = node->tree_risk;\r
-        parent->tree_error = node->tree_error;\r
-        node = parent->right;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    return min_alpha;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-int CvDTree::cut_tree( int T, int fold, double min_alpha )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = root;\r
-    if( !node->left )\r
-        return 1;\r
-\r
-    for(;;)\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeNode* parent;\r
-        for(;;)\r
-        {\r
-            int t = fold >= 0 ? node->cv_Tn[fold] : node->Tn;\r
-            if( t <= T || !node->left )\r
-                break;\r
-            if( node->alpha <= min_alpha + FLT_EPSILON )\r
-            {\r
-                if( fold >= 0 )\r
-                    node->cv_Tn[fold] = T;\r
-                else\r
-                    node->Tn = T;\r
-                if( node == root )\r
-                    return 1;\r
-                break;\r
-            }\r
-            node = node->left;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;\r
-            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )\r
-            ;\r
-\r
-        if( !parent )\r
-            break;\r
-\r
-        node = parent->right;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    return 0;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::free_prune_data(bool cut_tree)\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = root;\r
-\r
-    for(;;)\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeNode* parent;\r
-        for(;;)\r
-        {\r
-            // do not call cvSetRemoveByPtr( cv_heap, node->cv_Tn )\r
-            // as we will clear the whole cross-validation heap at the end\r
-            node->cv_Tn = 0;\r
-            node->cv_node_error = node->cv_node_risk = 0;\r
-            if( !node->left )\r
-                break;\r
-            node = node->left;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;\r
-            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )\r
-        {\r
-            if( cut_tree && parent->Tn <= pruned_tree_idx )\r
-            {\r
-                data->free_node( parent->left );\r
-                data->free_node( parent->right );\r
-                parent->left = parent->right = 0;\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( !parent )\r
-            break;\r
-\r
-        node = parent->right;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( data->cv_heap )\r
-        cvClearSet( data->cv_heap );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::free_tree()\r
-{\r
-    if( root && data && data->shared )\r
-    {\r
-        pruned_tree_idx = INT_MIN;\r
-        free_prune_data(true);\r
-        data->free_node(root);\r
-        root = 0;\r
-    }\r
-}\r
-\r
-CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::predict( const CvMat* _sample,\r
-    const CvMat* _missing, bool preprocessed_input ) const\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* result = 0;\r
-    int* catbuf = 0;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::predict" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    int i, step, mstep = 0;\r
-    const float* sample;\r
-    const uchar* m = 0;\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = root;\r
-    const int* vtype;\r
-    const int* vidx;\r
-    const int* cmap;\r
-    const int* cofs;\r
-\r
-    if( !node )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsError, "The tree has not been trained yet" );\r
-\r
-    if( !CV_IS_MAT(_sample) || CV_MAT_TYPE(_sample->type) != CV_32FC1 ||\r
-        (_sample->cols != 1 && _sample->rows != 1) ||\r
-        (_sample->cols + _sample->rows - 1 != data->var_all && !preprocessed_input) ||\r
-        (_sample->cols + _sample->rows - 1 != data->var_count && preprocessed_input) )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,\r
-        "the input sample must be 1d floating-point vector with the same "\r
-        "number of elements as the total number of variables used for training" );\r
-\r
-    sample = _sample->data.fl;\r
-    step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(_sample->type) ? 1 : _sample->step/sizeof(sample[0]);\r
-\r
-    if( data->cat_count && !preprocessed_input ) // cache for categorical variables\r
-    {\r
-        int n = data->cat_count->cols;\r
-        catbuf = (int*)cvStackAlloc(n*sizeof(catbuf[0]));\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            catbuf[i] = -1;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    if( _missing )\r
-    {\r
-        if( !CV_IS_MAT(_missing) || !CV_IS_MASK_ARR(_missing) ||\r
-        !CV_ARE_SIZES_EQ(_missing, _sample) )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,\r
-        "the missing data mask must be 8-bit vector of the same size as input sample" );\r
-        m = _missing->data.ptr;\r
-        mstep = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(_missing->type) ? 1 : _missing->step/sizeof(m[0]);\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    vtype = data->var_type->data.i;\r
-    vidx = data->var_idx && !preprocessed_input ? data->var_idx->data.i : 0;\r
-    cmap = data->cat_map ? data->cat_map->data.i : 0;\r
-    cofs = data->cat_ofs ? data->cat_ofs->data.i : 0;\r
-\r
-    while( node->Tn > pruned_tree_idx && node->left )\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split;\r
-        int dir = 0;\r
-        for( ; !dir && split != 0; split = split->next )\r
-        {\r
-            int vi = split->var_idx;\r
-            int ci = vtype[vi];\r
-            i = vidx ? vidx[vi] : vi;\r
-            float val = sample[i*step];\r
-            if( m && m[i*mstep] )\r
-                continue;\r
-            if( ci < 0 ) // ordered\r
-                dir = val <= split->ord.c ? -1 : 1;\r
-            else // categorical\r
-            {\r
-                int c;\r
-                if( preprocessed_input )\r
-                    c = cvRound(val);\r
-                else\r
-                {\r
-                    c = catbuf[ci];\r
-                    if( c < 0 )\r
-                    {\r
-                        int a = c = cofs[ci];\r
-                        int b = (ci+1 >= data->cat_ofs->cols) ? data->cat_map->cols : cofs[ci+1];\r
-                        \r
-                        int ival = cvRound(val);\r
-                        if( ival != val )\r
-                            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,\r
-                            "one of input categorical variable is not an integer" );\r
-                        \r
-                        int sh = 0;\r
-                        while( a < b )\r
-                        {\r
-                            sh++;\r
-                            c = (a + b) >> 1;\r
-                            if( ival < cmap[c] )\r
-                                b = c;\r
-                            else if( ival > cmap[c] )\r
-                                a = c+1;\r
-                            else\r
-                                break;\r
-                        }\r
-\r
-                        if( c < 0 || ival != cmap[c] )\r
-                            continue;\r
-\r
-                        catbuf[ci] = c -= cofs[ci];\r
-                    }\r
-                }\r
-                c = ( (c == 65535) && data->is_buf_16u ) ? -1 : c;\r
-                dir = CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(c, split->subset);\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            if( split->inversed )\r
-                dir = -dir;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        if( !dir )\r
-        {\r
-            double diff = node->right->sample_count - node->left->sample_count;\r
-            dir = diff < 0 ? -1 : 1;\r
-        }\r
-        node = dir < 0 ? node->left : node->right;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    result = node;\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return result;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-const CvMat* CvDTree::get_var_importance()\r
-{\r
-    if( !var_importance )\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeNode* node = root;\r
-        double* importance;\r
-        if( !node )\r
-            return 0;\r
-        var_importance = cvCreateMat( 1, data->var_count, CV_64F );\r
-        cvZero( var_importance );\r
-        importance = var_importance->data.db;\r
-\r
-        for(;;)\r
-        {\r
-            CvDTreeNode* parent;\r
-            for( ;; node = node->left )\r
-            {\r
-                CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split;\r
-\r
-                if( !node->left || node->Tn <= pruned_tree_idx )\r
-                    break;\r
-\r
-                for( ; split != 0; split = split->next )\r
-                    importance[split->var_idx] += split->quality;\r
-            }\r
-\r
-            for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;\r
-                node = parent, parent = parent->parent )\r
-                ;\r
-\r
-            if( !parent )\r
-                break;\r
-\r
-            node = parent->right;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        cvNormalize( var_importance, var_importance, 1., 0, CV_L1 );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    return var_importance;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::write_split( CvFileStorage* fs, CvDTreeSplit* split )\r
-{\r
-    int ci;\r
-\r
-    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, 0, CV_NODE_MAP + CV_NODE_FLOW );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "var", split->var_idx );\r
-    cvWriteReal( fs, "quality", split->quality );\r
-\r
-    ci = data->get_var_type(split->var_idx);\r
-    if( ci >= 0 ) // split on a categorical var\r
-    {\r
-        int i, n = data->cat_count->data.i[ci], to_right = 0, default_dir;\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-            to_right += CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(i,split->subset) > 0;\r
-\r
-        // ad-hoc rule when to use inverse categorical split notation\r
-        // to achieve more compact and clear representation\r
-        default_dir = to_right <= 1 || to_right <= MIN(3, n/2) || to_right <= n/3 ? -1 : 1;\r
-\r
-        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, default_dir*(split->inversed ? -1 : 1) > 0 ?\r
-                            "in" : "not_in", CV_NODE_SEQ+CV_NODE_FLOW );\r
-\r
-        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            int dir = CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(i,split->subset);\r
-            if( dir*default_dir < 0 )\r
-                cvWriteInt( fs, 0, i );\r
-        }\r
-        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-        cvWriteReal( fs, !split->inversed ? "le" : "gt", split->ord.c );\r
-\r
-    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::write_node( CvFileStorage* fs, CvDTreeNode* node )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split;\r
-\r
-    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, 0, CV_NODE_MAP );\r
-\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "depth", node->depth );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "sample_count", node->sample_count );\r
-    cvWriteReal( fs, "value", node->value );\r
-\r
-    if( data->is_classifier )\r
-        cvWriteInt( fs, "norm_class_idx", node->class_idx );\r
-\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "Tn", node->Tn );\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "complexity", node->complexity );\r
-    cvWriteReal( fs, "alpha", node->alpha );\r
-    cvWriteReal( fs, "node_risk", node->node_risk );\r
-    cvWriteReal( fs, "tree_risk", node->tree_risk );\r
-    cvWriteReal( fs, "tree_error", node->tree_error );\r
-\r
-    if( node->left )\r
-    {\r
-        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "splits", CV_NODE_SEQ );\r
-\r
-        for( split = node->split; split != 0; split = split->next )\r
-            write_split( fs, split );\r
-\r
-        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::write_tree_nodes( CvFileStorage* fs )\r
-{\r
-    //CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::write_tree_nodes" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = root;\r
-\r
-    // traverse the tree and save all the nodes in depth-first order\r
-    for(;;)\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeNode* parent;\r
-        for(;;)\r
-        {\r
-            write_node( fs, node );\r
-            if( !node->left )\r
-                break;\r
-            node = node->left;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;\r
-            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )\r
-            ;\r
-\r
-        if( !parent )\r
-            break;\r
-\r
-        node = parent->right;\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::write( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name )\r
-{\r
-    //CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::write" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_ML_TREE );\r
-\r
-    get_var_importance();\r
-    data->write_params( fs );\r
-    if( var_importance )\r
-        cvWrite( fs, "var_importance", var_importance );\r
-    write( fs );\r
-\r
-    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::write( CvFileStorage* fs )\r
-{\r
-    //CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::write" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    cvWriteInt( fs, "best_tree_idx", pruned_tree_idx );\r
-\r
-    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "nodes", CV_NODE_SEQ );\r
-    write_tree_nodes( fs );\r
-    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::read_split( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read_split" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    int vi, ci;\r
-\r
-    if( !fnode || CV_NODE_TYPE(fnode->tag) != CV_NODE_MAP )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "some of the splits are not stored properly" );\r
-\r
-    vi = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "var", -1 );\r
-    if( (unsigned)vi >= (unsigned)data->var_count )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "Split variable index is out of range" );\r
-\r
-    ci = data->get_var_type(vi);\r
-    if( ci >= 0 ) // split on categorical var\r
-    {\r
-        int i, n = data->cat_count->data.i[ci], inversed = 0, val;\r
-        CvSeqReader reader;\r
-        CvFileNode* inseq;\r
-        split = data->new_split_cat( vi, 0 );\r
-        inseq = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "in" );\r
-        if( !inseq )\r
-        {\r
-            inseq = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "not_in" );\r
-            inversed = 1;\r
-        }\r
-        if( !inseq ||\r
-            (CV_NODE_TYPE(inseq->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ && CV_NODE_TYPE(inseq->tag) != CV_NODE_INT))\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError,\r
-            "Either 'in' or 'not_in' tags should be inside a categorical split data" );\r
-\r
-        if( CV_NODE_TYPE(inseq->tag) == CV_NODE_INT )\r
-        {\r
-            val = inseq->data.i;\r
-            if( (unsigned)val >= (unsigned)n )\r
-                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of in/not_in elements are out of range" );\r
-\r
-            split->subset[val >> 5] |= 1 << (val & 31);\r
-        }\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            cvStartReadSeq( inseq->data.seq, &reader );\r
-\r
-            for( i = 0; i < reader.seq->total; i++ )\r
-            {\r
-                CvFileNode* inode = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;\r
-                val = inode->data.i;\r
-                if( CV_NODE_TYPE(inode->tag) != CV_NODE_INT || (unsigned)val >= (unsigned)n )\r
-                    CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of in/not_in elements are out of range" );\r
-\r
-                split->subset[val >> 5] |= 1 << (val & 31);\r
-                CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );\r
-            }\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        // for categorical splits we do not use inversed splits,\r
-        // instead we inverse the variable set in the split\r
-        if( inversed )\r
-            for( i = 0; i < (n + 31) >> 5; i++ )\r
-                split->subset[i] ^= -1;\r
-    }\r
-    else\r
-    {\r
-        CvFileNode* cmp_node;\r
-        split = data->new_split_ord( vi, 0, 0, 0, 0 );\r
-\r
-        cmp_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "le" );\r
-        if( !cmp_node )\r
-        {\r
-            cmp_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "gt" );\r
-            split->inversed = 1;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        split->ord.c = (float)cvReadReal( cmp_node );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    split->quality = (float)cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "quality" );\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return split;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::read_node( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode, CvDTreeNode* parent )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeNode* node = 0;\r
-\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read_node" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    CvFileNode* splits;\r
-    int i, depth;\r
-\r
-    if( !fnode || CV_NODE_TYPE(fnode->tag) != CV_NODE_MAP )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "some of the tree elements are not stored properly" );\r
-\r
-    CV_CALL( node = data->new_node( parent, 0, 0, 0 ));\r
-    depth = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "depth", -1 );\r
-    if( depth != node->depth )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "incorrect node depth" );\r
-\r
-    node->sample_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "sample_count" );\r
-    node->value = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "value" );\r
-    if( data->is_classifier )\r
-        node->class_idx = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "norm_class_idx" );\r
-\r
-    node->Tn = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "Tn" );\r
-    node->complexity = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "complexity" );\r
-    node->alpha = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "alpha" );\r
-    node->node_risk = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "node_risk" );\r
-    node->tree_risk = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "tree_risk" );\r
-    node->tree_error = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "tree_error" );\r
-\r
-    splits = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "splits" );\r
-    if( splits )\r
-    {\r
-        CvSeqReader reader;\r
-        CvDTreeSplit* last_split = 0;\r
-\r
-        if( CV_NODE_TYPE(splits->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ )\r
-            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "splits tag must stored as a sequence" );\r
-\r
-        cvStartReadSeq( splits->data.seq, &reader );\r
-        for( i = 0; i < reader.seq->total; i++ )\r
-        {\r
-            CvDTreeSplit* split;\r
-            CV_CALL( split = read_split( fs, (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr ));\r
-            if( !last_split )\r
-                node->split = last_split = split;\r
-            else\r
-                last_split = last_split->next = split;\r
-\r
-            CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );\r
-        }\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-\r
-    return node;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::read_tree_nodes( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode )\r
-{\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read_tree_nodes" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    CvSeqReader reader;\r
-    CvDTreeNode _root;\r
-    CvDTreeNode* parent = &_root;\r
-    int i;\r
-    parent->left = parent->right = parent->parent = 0;\r
-\r
-    cvStartReadSeq( fnode->data.seq, &reader );\r
-\r
-    for( i = 0; i < reader.seq->total; i++ )\r
-    {\r
-        CvDTreeNode* node;\r
-\r
-        CV_CALL( node = read_node( fs, (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr, parent != &_root ? parent : 0 ));\r
-        if( !parent->left )\r
-            parent->left = node;\r
-        else\r
-            parent->right = node;\r
-        if( node->split )\r
-            parent = node;\r
-        else\r
-        {\r
-            while( parent && parent->right )\r
-                parent = parent->parent;\r
-        }\r
-\r
-        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );\r
-    }\r
-\r
-    root = _root.left;\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-void CvDTree::read( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode )\r
-{\r
-    CvDTreeTrainData* _data = new CvDTreeTrainData();\r
-    _data->read_params( fs, fnode );\r
-\r
-    read( fs, fnode, _data );\r
-    get_var_importance();\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-// a special entry point for reading weak decision trees from the tree ensembles\r
-void CvDTree::read( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node, CvDTreeTrainData* _data )\r
-{\r
-    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read" );\r
-\r
-    __BEGIN__;\r
-\r
-    CvFileNode* tree_nodes;\r
-\r
-    clear();\r
-    data = _data;\r
-\r
-    tree_nodes = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "nodes" );\r
-    if( !tree_nodes || CV_NODE_TYPE(tree_nodes->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ )\r
-        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "nodes tag is missing" );\r
-\r
-    pruned_tree_idx = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "best_tree_idx", -1 );\r
-    read_tree_nodes( fs, tree_nodes );\r
-\r
-    __END__;\r
-}\r
-\r
-/* End of file. */\r
+/*M///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+//  IMPORTANT: READ BEFORE DOWNLOADING, COPYING, INSTALLING OR USING.
+//
+//  By downloading, copying, installing or using the software you agree to this license.
+//  If you do not agree to this license, do not download, install,
+//  copy or use the software.
+//
+//
+//                        Intel License Agreement
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2000, Intel Corporation, all rights reserved.
+// Third party copyrights are property of their respective owners.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+//
+//   * Redistribution's of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//
+//   * Redistribution's in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+//     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+//
+//   * The name of Intel Corporation may not be used to endorse or promote products
+//     derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and
+// any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied
+// warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
+// In no event shall the Intel Corporation or contributors be liable for any direct,
+// indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages
+// (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services;
+// loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused
+// and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability,
+// or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of
+// the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.
+//
+//M*/
+
+#include "_ml.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+using namespace cv;
+
+static const float ord_nan = FLT_MAX*0.5f;
+static const int min_block_size = 1 << 16;
+static const int block_size_delta = 1 << 10;
+
+CvDTreeTrainData::CvDTreeTrainData()
+{
+    var_idx = var_type = cat_count = cat_ofs = cat_map =
+        priors = priors_mult = counts = buf = direction = split_buf = responses_copy = 0;
+    tree_storage = temp_storage = 0;
+
+    clear();
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeTrainData::CvDTreeTrainData( const CvMat* _train_data, int _tflag,
+                      const CvMat* _responses, const CvMat* _var_idx,
+                      const CvMat* _sample_idx, const CvMat* _var_type,
+                      const CvMat* _missing_mask, const CvDTreeParams& _params,
+                      bool _shared, bool _add_labels )
+{
+    var_idx = var_type = cat_count = cat_ofs = cat_map =
+        priors = priors_mult = counts = buf = direction = split_buf = responses_copy = 0;
+
+    tree_storage = temp_storage = 0;
+
+    set_data( _train_data, _tflag, _responses, _var_idx, _sample_idx,
+              _var_type, _missing_mask, _params, _shared, _add_labels );
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeTrainData::~CvDTreeTrainData()
+{
+    clear();
+}
+
+
+bool CvDTreeTrainData::set_params( const CvDTreeParams& _params )
+{
+    bool ok = false;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::set_params" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    // set parameters
+    params = _params;
+
+    if( params.max_categories < 2 )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "params.max_categories should be >= 2" );
+    params.max_categories = MIN( params.max_categories, 15 );
+
+    if( params.max_depth < 0 )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "params.max_depth should be >= 0" );
+    params.max_depth = MIN( params.max_depth, 25 );
+
+    params.min_sample_count = MAX(params.min_sample_count,1);
+
+    if( params.cv_folds < 0 )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange,
+        "params.cv_folds should be =0 (the tree is not pruned) "
+        "or n>0 (tree is pruned using n-fold cross-validation)" );
+
+    if( params.cv_folds == 1 )
+        params.cv_folds = 0;
+
+    if( params.regression_accuracy < 0 )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "params.regression_accuracy should be >= 0" );
+
+    ok = true;
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+#define CV_CMP_NUM_PTR(a,b) (*(a) < *(b))
+static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortIntPtr, int*, CV_CMP_NUM_PTR, int )
+static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortDblPtr, double*, CV_CMP_NUM_PTR, int )
+
+#define CV_CMP_NUM_IDX(i,j) (aux[i] < aux[j])
+static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortIntAux, int, CV_CMP_NUM_IDX, const float* )
+static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortUShAux, unsigned short, CV_CMP_NUM_IDX, const float* )
+
+#define CV_CMP_PAIRS(a,b) (*((a).i) < *((b).i))
+static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT_EX( icvSortPairs, CvPair16u32s, CV_CMP_PAIRS, int )
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::set_data( const CvMat* _train_data, int _tflag,
+    const CvMat* _responses, const CvMat* _var_idx, const CvMat* _sample_idx,
+    const CvMat* _var_type, const CvMat* _missing_mask, const CvDTreeParams& _params,
+    bool _shared, bool _add_labels, bool _update_data )
+{
+    CvMat* sample_indices = 0;
+    CvMat* var_type0 = 0;
+    CvMat* tmp_map = 0;
+    int** int_ptr = 0;
+    CvPair16u32s* pair16u32s_ptr = 0;
+    CvDTreeTrainData* data = 0;
+    float *_fdst = 0;
+    int *_idst = 0;
+    unsigned short* udst = 0;
+    int* idst = 0;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::set_data" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    int sample_all = 0, r_type = 0, cv_n;
+    int total_c_count = 0;
+    int tree_block_size, temp_block_size, max_split_size, nv_size, cv_size = 0;
+    int ds_step, dv_step, ms_step = 0, mv_step = 0; // {data|mask}{sample|var}_step
+    int vi, i, size;
+    char err[100];
+    const int *sidx = 0, *vidx = 0;
+    
+    if( _update_data && data_root )
+    {
+        data = new CvDTreeTrainData( _train_data, _tflag, _responses, _var_idx,
+            _sample_idx, _var_type, _missing_mask, _params, _shared, _add_labels );
+
+        // compare new and old train data
+        if( !(data->var_count == var_count &&
+            cvNorm( data->var_type, var_type, CV_C ) < FLT_EPSILON &&
+            cvNorm( data->cat_count, cat_count, CV_C ) < FLT_EPSILON &&
+            cvNorm( data->cat_map, cat_map, CV_C ) < FLT_EPSILON) )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,
+            "The new training data must have the same types and the input and output variables "
+            "and the same categories for categorical variables" );
+
+        cvReleaseMat( &priors );
+        cvReleaseMat( &priors_mult );
+        cvReleaseMat( &buf );
+        cvReleaseMat( &direction );
+        cvReleaseMat( &split_buf );
+        cvReleaseMemStorage( &temp_storage );
+
+        priors = data->priors; data->priors = 0;
+        priors_mult = data->priors_mult; data->priors_mult = 0;
+        buf = data->buf; data->buf = 0;
+        buf_count = data->buf_count; buf_size = data->buf_size;
+        sample_count = data->sample_count;
+
+        direction = data->direction; data->direction = 0;
+        split_buf = data->split_buf; data->split_buf = 0;
+        temp_storage = data->temp_storage; data->temp_storage = 0;
+        nv_heap = data->nv_heap; cv_heap = data->cv_heap;
+
+        data_root = new_node( 0, sample_count, 0, 0 );
+        EXIT;
+    }
+
+    clear();
+
+    var_all = 0;
+    rng = cvRNG(-1);
+
+    CV_CALL( set_params( _params ));
+
+    // check parameter types and sizes
+    CV_CALL( cvCheckTrainData( _train_data, _tflag, _missing_mask, &var_all, &sample_all ));
+
+    train_data = _train_data;
+    responses = _responses;
+
+    if( _tflag == CV_ROW_SAMPLE )
+    {
+        ds_step = _train_data->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(_train_data->type);
+        dv_step = 1;
+        if( _missing_mask )
+            ms_step = _missing_mask->step, mv_step = 1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        dv_step = _train_data->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(_train_data->type);
+        ds_step = 1;
+        if( _missing_mask )
+            mv_step = _missing_mask->step, ms_step = 1;
+    }
+    tflag = _tflag;
+
+    sample_count = sample_all;
+    var_count = var_all;
+    
+    if( _sample_idx )
+    {
+        CV_CALL( sample_indices = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _sample_idx, sample_all ));
+        sidx = sample_indices->data.i;
+        sample_count = sample_indices->rows + sample_indices->cols - 1;
+    }
+
+    if( _var_idx )
+    {
+        CV_CALL( var_idx = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _var_idx, var_all ));
+        vidx = var_idx->data.i;
+        var_count = var_idx->rows + var_idx->cols - 1;
+    }
+
+    is_buf_16u = false;     
+    if ( sample_count < 65536 ) 
+        is_buf_16u = true;                                
+    
+    if( !CV_IS_MAT(_responses) ||
+        (CV_MAT_TYPE(_responses->type) != CV_32SC1 &&
+         CV_MAT_TYPE(_responses->type) != CV_32FC1) ||
+        (_responses->rows != 1 && _responses->cols != 1) ||
+        _responses->rows + _responses->cols - 1 != sample_all )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, "The array of _responses must be an integer or "
+                  "floating-point vector containing as many elements as "
+                  "the total number of samples in the training data matrix" );
+   
+  
+    CV_CALL( var_type0 = cvPreprocessVarType( _var_type, var_idx, var_count, &r_type ));
+
+    CV_CALL( var_type = cvCreateMat( 1, var_count+2, CV_32SC1 ));
+   
+    
+    cat_var_count = 0;
+    ord_var_count = -1;
+
+    is_classifier = r_type == CV_VAR_CATEGORICAL;
+
+    // step 0. calc the number of categorical vars
+    for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )
+    {
+        var_type->data.i[vi] = var_type0->data.ptr[vi] == CV_VAR_CATEGORICAL ?
+            cat_var_count++ : ord_var_count--;
+    }
+
+    ord_var_count = ~ord_var_count;
+    cv_n = params.cv_folds;
+    // set the two last elements of var_type array to be able
+    // to locate responses and cross-validation labels using
+    // the corresponding get_* functions.
+    var_type->data.i[var_count] = cat_var_count;
+    var_type->data.i[var_count+1] = cat_var_count+1;
+
+    // in case of single ordered predictor we need dummy cv_labels
+    // for safe split_node_data() operation
+    have_labels = cv_n > 0 || (ord_var_count == 1 && cat_var_count == 0) || _add_labels;
+
+    work_var_count = var_count + (is_classifier ? 1 : 0) // for responses class_labels
+                               + (have_labels ? 1 : 0); // for cv_labels
+                               
+    buf_size = (work_var_count + 1 /*for sample_indices*/) * sample_count;
+    shared = _shared;
+    buf_count = shared ? 2 : 1;
+    
+    if ( is_buf_16u )
+    {
+        CV_CALL( buf = cvCreateMat( buf_count, buf_size, CV_16UC1 ));
+        CV_CALL( pair16u32s_ptr = (CvPair16u32s*)cvAlloc( sample_count*sizeof(pair16u32s_ptr[0]) ));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CV_CALL( buf = cvCreateMat( buf_count, buf_size, CV_32SC1 ));
+        CV_CALL( int_ptr = (int**)cvAlloc( sample_count*sizeof(int_ptr[0]) ));
+    }    
+
+    size = is_classifier ? (cat_var_count+1) : cat_var_count;
+    size = !size ? 1 : size;
+    CV_CALL( cat_count = cvCreateMat( 1, size, CV_32SC1 ));
+    CV_CALL( cat_ofs = cvCreateMat( 1, size, CV_32SC1 ));
+        
+    size = is_classifier ? (cat_var_count + 1)*params.max_categories : cat_var_count*params.max_categories;
+    size = !size ? 1 : size;
+    CV_CALL( cat_map = cvCreateMat( 1, size, CV_32SC1 ));
+
+    // now calculate the maximum size of split,
+    // create memory storage that will keep nodes and splits of the decision tree
+    // allocate root node and the buffer for the whole training data
+    max_split_size = cvAlign(sizeof(CvDTreeSplit) +
+        (MAX(0,sample_count - 33)/32)*sizeof(int),sizeof(void*));
+    tree_block_size = MAX((int)sizeof(CvDTreeNode)*8, max_split_size);
+    tree_block_size = MAX(tree_block_size + block_size_delta, min_block_size);
+    CV_CALL( tree_storage = cvCreateMemStorage( tree_block_size ));
+    CV_CALL( node_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*node_heap), sizeof(CvDTreeNode), tree_storage ));
+
+    nv_size = var_count*sizeof(int);
+    nv_size = cvAlign(MAX( nv_size, (int)sizeof(CvSetElem) ), sizeof(void*));
+
+    temp_block_size = nv_size;
+
+    if( cv_n )
+    {
+        if( sample_count < cv_n*MAX(params.min_sample_count,10) )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange,
+                "The many folds in cross-validation for such a small dataset" );
+
+        cv_size = cvAlign( cv_n*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(double)*2), sizeof(double) );
+        temp_block_size = MAX(temp_block_size, cv_size);
+    }
+
+    temp_block_size = MAX( temp_block_size + block_size_delta, min_block_size );
+    CV_CALL( temp_storage = cvCreateMemStorage( temp_block_size ));
+    CV_CALL( nv_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*nv_heap), nv_size, temp_storage ));
+    if( cv_size )
+        CV_CALL( cv_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*cv_heap), cv_size, temp_storage ));
+
+    CV_CALL( data_root = new_node( 0, sample_count, 0, 0 ));
+
+    max_c_count = 1;
+
+    _fdst = 0;
+    _idst = 0;
+    if (ord_var_count)
+        _fdst = (float*)cvAlloc(sample_count*sizeof(_fdst[0]));
+    if (is_buf_16u && (cat_var_count || is_classifier))
+        _idst = (int*)cvAlloc(sample_count*sizeof(_idst[0]));
+
+    // transform the training data to convenient representation
+    for( vi = 0; vi <= var_count; vi++ )
+    {
+        int ci;
+        const uchar* mask = 0;
+        int m_step = 0, step;
+        const int* idata = 0;
+        const float* fdata = 0;
+        int num_valid = 0;
+
+        if( vi < var_count ) // analyze i-th input variable
+        {
+            int vi0 = vidx ? vidx[vi] : vi;
+            ci = get_var_type(vi);
+            step = ds_step; m_step = ms_step;
+            if( CV_MAT_TYPE(_train_data->type) == CV_32SC1 )
+                idata = _train_data->data.i + vi0*dv_step;
+            else
+                fdata = _train_data->data.fl + vi0*dv_step;
+            if( _missing_mask )
+                mask = _missing_mask->data.ptr + vi0*mv_step;
+        }
+        else // analyze _responses
+        {
+            ci = cat_var_count;
+            step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(_responses->type) ?
+                1 : _responses->step / CV_ELEM_SIZE(_responses->type);
+            if( CV_MAT_TYPE(_responses->type) == CV_32SC1 )
+                idata = _responses->data.i;
+            else
+                fdata = _responses->data.fl;
+        }
+
+        if( (vi < var_count && ci>=0) ||
+            (vi == var_count && is_classifier) ) // process categorical variable or response
+        {
+            int c_count, prev_label;
+            int* c_map;
+            
+            if (is_buf_16u)
+                udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + vi*sample_count);
+            else
+                idst = buf->data.i + vi*sample_count;
+            
+            // copy data
+            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+            {
+                int val = INT_MAX, si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+                if( !mask || !mask[si*m_step] )
+                {
+                    if( idata )
+                        val = idata[si*step];
+                    else
+                    {
+                        float t = fdata[si*step];
+                        val = cvRound(t);
+                        if( fabs(t - val) > FLT_EPSILON )
+                        {
+                            sprintf( err, "%d-th value of %d-th (categorical) "
+                                "variable is not an integer", i, vi );
+                            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, err );
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if( val == INT_MAX )
+                    {
+                        sprintf( err, "%d-th value of %d-th (categorical) "
+                            "variable is too large", i, vi );
+                        CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, err );
+                    }
+                    num_valid++;
+                }
+                if (is_buf_16u)
+                {
+                    _idst[i] = val;
+                    pair16u32s_ptr[i].u = udst + i;
+                    pair16u32s_ptr[i].i = _idst + i;
+                }   
+                else
+                {
+                    idst[i] = val;
+                    int_ptr[i] = idst + i;
+                }
+            }
+
+            c_count = num_valid > 0;
+            if (is_buf_16u)
+            {
+                icvSortPairs( pair16u32s_ptr, sample_count, 0 );
+                // count the categories
+                for( i = 1; i < num_valid; i++ )
+                    if (*pair16u32s_ptr[i].i != *pair16u32s_ptr[i-1].i)
+                        c_count ++ ;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                icvSortIntPtr( int_ptr, sample_count, 0 );
+                // count the categories
+                for( i = 1; i < num_valid; i++ )
+                    c_count += *int_ptr[i] != *int_ptr[i-1];
+            }
+
+            if( vi > 0 )
+                max_c_count = MAX( max_c_count, c_count );
+            cat_count->data.i[ci] = c_count;
+            cat_ofs->data.i[ci] = total_c_count;
+
+            // resize cat_map, if need
+            if( cat_map->cols < total_c_count + c_count )
+            {
+                tmp_map = cat_map;
+                CV_CALL( cat_map = cvCreateMat( 1,
+                    MAX(cat_map->cols*3/2,total_c_count+c_count), CV_32SC1 ));
+                for( i = 0; i < total_c_count; i++ )
+                    cat_map->data.i[i] = tmp_map->data.i[i];
+                cvReleaseMat( &tmp_map );
+            }
+
+            c_map = cat_map->data.i + total_c_count;
+            total_c_count += c_count;
+
+            c_count = -1;
+            if (is_buf_16u)
+            {
+                // compact the class indices and build the map
+                prev_label = ~*pair16u32s_ptr[0].i;
+                for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )
+                {
+                    int cur_label = *pair16u32s_ptr[i].i;
+                    if( cur_label != prev_label )
+                        c_map[++c_count] = prev_label = cur_label;
+                    *pair16u32s_ptr[i].u = (unsigned short)c_count;
+                }
+                // replace labels for missing values with -1
+                for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )
+                    *pair16u32s_ptr[i].u = 65535;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // compact the class indices and build the map
+                prev_label = ~*int_ptr[0];
+                for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )
+                {
+                    int cur_label = *int_ptr[i];
+                    if( cur_label != prev_label )
+                        c_map[++c_count] = prev_label = cur_label;
+                    *int_ptr[i] = c_count;
+                }
+                // replace labels for missing values with -1
+                for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )
+                    *int_ptr[i] = -1;
+            }           
+        }
+        else if( ci < 0 ) // process ordered variable
+        {
+            if (is_buf_16u)
+                udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + vi*sample_count);
+            else
+                idst = buf->data.i + vi*sample_count;
+
+            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+            {
+                float val = ord_nan;
+                int si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+                if( !mask || !mask[si*m_step] )
+                {
+                    if( idata )
+                        val = (float)idata[si*step];
+                    else
+                        val = fdata[si*step];
+
+                    if( fabs(val) >= ord_nan )
+                    {
+                        sprintf( err, "%d-th value of %d-th (ordered) "
+                            "variable (=%g) is too large", i, vi, val );
+                        CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, err );
+                    }
+                }
+                num_valid++;
+                if (is_buf_16u)
+                    udst[i] = (unsigned short)i;
+                else
+                    idst[i] = i;
+                _fdst[i] = val;
+                
+            }
+            if (is_buf_16u)
+                icvSortUShAux( udst, num_valid, _fdst);
+            else
+                icvSortIntAux( idst, /*or num_valid?\*/ sample_count, _fdst );
+        }
+       
+        if( vi < var_count )
+            data_root->set_num_valid(vi, num_valid);
+    }
+
+    // set sample labels
+    if (is_buf_16u)
+        udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + work_var_count*sample_count);
+    else
+        idst = buf->data.i + work_var_count*sample_count;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < sample_count; i++)
+    {
+        if (udst)
+            udst[i] = sidx ? (unsigned short)sidx[i] : (unsigned short)i;
+        else
+            idst[i] = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+    }
+
+    if( cv_n )
+    {
+        unsigned short* udst = 0;
+        int* idst = 0;
+        CvRNG* r = &rng;
+
+        if (is_buf_16u)
+        {
+            udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + (get_work_var_count()-1)*sample_count);
+            for( i = vi = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+            {
+                udst[i] = (unsigned short)vi++;
+                vi &= vi < cv_n ? -1 : 0;
+            }
+
+            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+            {
+                int a = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;
+                int b = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;
+                unsigned short unsh = (unsigned short)vi;
+                CV_SWAP( udst[a], udst[b], unsh );
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            idst = buf->data.i + (get_work_var_count()-1)*sample_count;
+            for( i = vi = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+            {
+                idst[i] = vi++;
+                vi &= vi < cv_n ? -1 : 0;
+            }
+
+            for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+            {
+                int a = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;
+                int b = cvRandInt(r) % sample_count;
+                CV_SWAP( idst[a], idst[b], vi );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ( cat_map ) 
+        cat_map->cols = MAX( total_c_count, 1 );
+
+    max_split_size = cvAlign(sizeof(CvDTreeSplit) +
+        (MAX(0,max_c_count - 33)/32)*sizeof(int),sizeof(void*));
+    CV_CALL( split_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(*split_heap), max_split_size, tree_storage ));
+
+    have_priors = is_classifier && params.priors;
+    if( is_classifier )
+    {
+        int m = get_num_classes();
+        double sum = 0;
+        CV_CALL( priors = cvCreateMat( 1, m, CV_64F ));
+        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )
+        {
+            double val = have_priors ? params.priors[i] : 1.;
+            if( val <= 0 )
+                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "Every class weight should be positive" );
+            priors->data.db[i] = val;
+            sum += val;
+        }
+
+        // normalize weights
+        if( have_priors )
+            cvScale( priors, priors, 1./sum );
+
+        CV_CALL( priors_mult = cvCloneMat( priors ));
+        CV_CALL( counts = cvCreateMat( 1, m, CV_32SC1 ));
+    }
+
+
+    CV_CALL( direction = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count, CV_8UC1 ));
+    CV_CALL( split_buf = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count, CV_32SC1 ));
+
+    __END__;
+
+    if( data )
+        delete data;
+
+    if (_fdst)
+        cvFree( &_fdst );
+    if (_idst)
+        cvFree( &_idst );
+    cvFree( &int_ptr );
+    cvFree( &pair16u32s_ptr);
+    cvReleaseMat( &var_type0 );
+    cvReleaseMat( &sample_indices );
+    cvReleaseMat( &tmp_map );
+}
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::do_responses_copy()
+{
+    responses_copy = cvCreateMat( responses->rows, responses->cols, responses->type );
+    cvCopy( responses, responses_copy);
+    responses = responses_copy;
+}
+
+CvDTreeNode* CvDTreeTrainData::subsample_data( const CvMat* _subsample_idx )
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* root = 0;
+    CvMat* isubsample_idx = 0;
+    CvMat* subsample_co = 0;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::subsample_data" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    if( !data_root )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsError, "No training data has been set" );
+
+    if( _subsample_idx )
+        CV_CALL( isubsample_idx = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _subsample_idx, sample_count ));
+
+    if( !isubsample_idx )
+    {
+        // make a copy of the root node
+        CvDTreeNode temp;
+        int i;
+        root = new_node( 0, 1, 0, 0 );
+        temp = *root;
+        *root = *data_root;
+        root->num_valid = temp.num_valid;
+        if( root->num_valid )
+        {
+            for( i = 0; i < var_count; i++ )
+                root->num_valid[i] = data_root->num_valid[i];
+        }
+        root->cv_Tn = temp.cv_Tn;
+        root->cv_node_risk = temp.cv_node_risk;
+        root->cv_node_error = temp.cv_node_error;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int* sidx = isubsample_idx->data.i;
+        // co - array of count/offset pairs (to handle duplicated values in _subsample_idx)
+        int* co, cur_ofs = 0;
+        int vi, i;
+        int work_var_count = get_work_var_count();
+        int count = isubsample_idx->rows + isubsample_idx->cols - 1;
+
+        root = new_node( 0, count, 1, 0 );
+
+        CV_CALL( subsample_co = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count*2, CV_32SC1 ));
+        cvZero( subsample_co );
+        co = subsample_co->data.i;
+        for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+            co[sidx[i]*2]++;
+        for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+        {
+            if( co[i*2] )
+            {
+                co[i*2+1] = cur_ofs;
+                cur_ofs += co[i*2];
+            }
+            else
+                co[i*2+1] = -1;
+        }
+
+        cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(sample_count*(2*sizeof(int) + sizeof(float)));
+        for( vi = 0; vi < work_var_count; vi++ )
+        {
+            int ci = get_var_type(vi);
+
+            if( ci >= 0 || vi >= var_count )
+            {
+                int num_valid = 0;
+                const int* src = get_cat_var_data( data_root, vi, (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf );
+
+                if (is_buf_16u)
+                {
+                    unsigned short* udst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                        vi*sample_count + root->offset);
+                    for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+                    {
+                        int val = src[sidx[i]];
+                        udst[i] = (unsigned short)val;
+                        num_valid += val >= 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int* idst = buf->data.i + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                        vi*sample_count + root->offset;
+                    for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+                    {
+                        int val = src[sidx[i]];
+                        idst[i] = val;
+                        num_valid += val >= 0;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if( vi < var_count )
+                    root->set_num_valid(vi, num_valid);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int *src_idx_buf = (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+                float *src_val_buf = (float*)(src_idx_buf + sample_count);
+                int* sample_indices_buf = (int*)(src_val_buf + sample_count);
+                const int* src_idx = 0;
+                const float* src_val = 0;
+                get_ord_var_data( data_root, vi, src_val_buf, src_idx_buf, &src_val, &src_idx, sample_indices_buf );
+                int j = 0, idx, count_i;
+                int num_valid = data_root->get_num_valid(vi);
+
+                if (is_buf_16u)
+                {
+                    unsigned short* udst_idx = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                        vi*sample_count + data_root->offset);
+                    for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )
+                    {
+                        idx = src_idx[i];
+                        count_i = co[idx*2];
+                        if( count_i )
+                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )
+                                udst_idx[j] = (unsigned short)cur_ofs;
+                    }
+
+                    root->set_num_valid(vi, j);
+
+                    for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )
+                    {
+                        idx = src_idx[i];
+                        count_i = co[idx*2];
+                        if( count_i )
+                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )
+                                udst_idx[j] = (unsigned short)cur_ofs;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int* idst_idx = buf->data.i + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                        vi*sample_count + root->offset;
+                    for( i = 0; i < num_valid; i++ )
+                    {
+                        idx = src_idx[i];
+                        count_i = co[idx*2];
+                        if( count_i )
+                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )
+                                idst_idx[j] = cur_ofs;
+                    }
+
+                    root->set_num_valid(vi, j);
+
+                    for( ; i < sample_count; i++ )
+                    {
+                        idx = src_idx[i];
+                        count_i = co[idx*2];
+                        if( count_i )
+                            for( cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1]; count_i > 0; count_i--, j++, cur_ofs++ )
+                                idst_idx[j] = cur_ofs;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // sample indices subsampling
+        const int* sample_idx_src = get_sample_indices(data_root, (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf);
+        if (is_buf_16u)
+        {
+            unsigned short* sample_idx_dst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                get_work_var_count()*sample_count + root->offset);            
+            for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                sample_idx_dst[i] = (unsigned short)sample_idx_src[sidx[i]];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            int* sample_idx_dst = buf->data.i + root->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                get_work_var_count()*sample_count + root->offset;            
+            for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                sample_idx_dst[i] = sample_idx_src[sidx[i]];
+        }
+    }
+
+    __END__;
+
+    cvReleaseMat( &isubsample_idx );
+    cvReleaseMat( &subsample_co );
+
+    return root;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::get_vectors( const CvMat* _subsample_idx,
+                                    float* values, uchar* missing,
+                                    float* responses, bool get_class_idx )
+{
+    CvMat* subsample_idx = 0;
+    CvMat* subsample_co = 0;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::get_vectors" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    int i, vi, total = sample_count, count = total, cur_ofs = 0;
+    int* sidx = 0;
+    int* co = 0;
+
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(sample_count*(2*sizeof(int) + sizeof(float)));
+    if( _subsample_idx )
+    {
+        CV_CALL( subsample_idx = cvPreprocessIndexArray( _subsample_idx, sample_count ));
+        sidx = subsample_idx->data.i;
+        CV_CALL( subsample_co = cvCreateMat( 1, sample_count*2, CV_32SC1 ));
+        co = subsample_co->data.i;
+        cvZero( subsample_co );
+        count = subsample_idx->cols + subsample_idx->rows - 1;
+        for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+            co[sidx[i]*2]++;
+        for( i = 0; i < total; i++ )
+        {
+            int count_i = co[i*2];
+            if( count_i )
+            {
+                co[i*2+1] = cur_ofs*var_count;
+                cur_ofs += count_i;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( missing )
+        memset( missing, 1, count*var_count );
+
+    for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )
+    {
+        int ci = get_var_type(vi);
+        if( ci >= 0 ) // categorical
+        {
+            float* dst = values + vi;
+            uchar* m = missing ? missing + vi : 0;
+            const int* src = get_cat_var_data(data_root, vi, (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf);
+
+            for( i = 0; i < count; i++, dst += var_count )
+            {
+                int idx = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+                int val = src[idx];
+                *dst = (float)val;
+                if( m )
+                {
+                    *m = (!is_buf_16u && val < 0) || (is_buf_16u && (val == 65535));
+                    m += var_count;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else // ordered
+        {
+            float* dst = values + vi;
+            uchar* m = missing ? missing + vi : 0;
+            int count1 = data_root->get_num_valid(vi);
+            float *src_val_buf = (float*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+            int* src_idx_buf = (int*)(src_val_buf + sample_count);
+            int* sample_indices_buf = src_idx_buf + sample_count;
+            const float *src_val = 0;
+            const int* src_idx = 0;
+            get_ord_var_data(data_root, vi, src_val_buf, src_idx_buf, &src_val, &src_idx, sample_indices_buf);
+
+            for( i = 0; i < count1; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = src_idx[i];
+                int count_i = 1;
+                if( co )
+                {
+                    count_i = co[idx*2];
+                    cur_ofs = co[idx*2+1];
+                }
+                else
+                    cur_ofs = idx*var_count;
+                if( count_i )
+                {
+                    float val = src_val[i];
+                    for( ; count_i > 0; count_i--, cur_ofs += var_count )
+                    {
+                        dst[cur_ofs] = val;
+                        if( m )
+                            m[cur_ofs] = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // copy responses
+    if( responses )
+    {
+        if( is_classifier )
+        {
+            const int* src = get_class_labels(data_root, (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf);
+            for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+                int val = get_class_idx ? src[idx] :
+                    cat_map->data.i[cat_ofs->data.i[cat_var_count]+src[idx]];
+                responses[i] = (float)val;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            float* val_buf = (float*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+            int* sample_idx_buf = (int*)(val_buf + sample_count);
+            const float* _values = get_ord_responses(data_root, val_buf, sample_idx_buf);
+            for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+                responses[i] = _values[idx];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    __END__;
+
+    cvReleaseMat( &subsample_idx );
+    cvReleaseMat( &subsample_co );
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeNode* CvDTreeTrainData::new_node( CvDTreeNode* parent, int count,
+                                         int storage_idx, int offset )
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* node = (CvDTreeNode*)cvSetNew( node_heap );
+
+    node->sample_count = count;
+    node->depth = parent ? parent->depth + 1 : 0;
+    node->parent = parent;
+    node->left = node->right = 0;
+    node->split = 0;
+    node->value = 0;
+    node->class_idx = 0;
+    node->maxlr = 0.;
+
+    node->buf_idx = storage_idx;
+    node->offset = offset;
+    if( nv_heap )
+        node->num_valid = (int*)cvSetNew( nv_heap );
+    else
+        node->num_valid = 0;
+    node->alpha = node->node_risk = node->tree_risk = node->tree_error = 0.;
+    node->complexity = 0;
+
+    if( params.cv_folds > 0 && cv_heap )
+    {
+        int cv_n = params.cv_folds;
+        node->Tn = INT_MAX;
+        node->cv_Tn = (int*)cvSetNew( cv_heap );
+        node->cv_node_risk = (double*)cvAlignPtr(node->cv_Tn + cv_n, sizeof(double));
+        node->cv_node_error = node->cv_node_risk + cv_n;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        node->Tn = 0;
+        node->cv_Tn = 0;
+        node->cv_node_risk = 0;
+        node->cv_node_error = 0;
+    }
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTreeTrainData::new_split_ord( int vi, float cmp_val,
+                int split_point, int inversed, float quality )
+{
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = (CvDTreeSplit*)cvSetNew( split_heap );
+    split->var_idx = vi;
+    split->condensed_idx = INT_MIN;
+    split->ord.c = cmp_val;
+    split->ord.split_point = split_point;
+    split->inversed = inversed;
+    split->quality = quality;
+    split->next = 0;
+
+    return split;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTreeTrainData::new_split_cat( int vi, float quality )
+{
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = (CvDTreeSplit*)cvSetNew( split_heap );
+    int i, n = (max_c_count + 31)/32;
+
+    split->var_idx = vi;
+    split->condensed_idx = INT_MIN;
+    split->inversed = 0;
+    split->quality = quality;
+    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+        split->subset[i] = 0;
+    split->next = 0;
+
+    return split;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::free_node( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split;
+    free_node_data( node );
+    while( split )
+    {
+        CvDTreeSplit* next = split->next;
+        cvSetRemoveByPtr( split_heap, split );
+        split = next;
+    }
+    node->split = 0;
+    cvSetRemoveByPtr( node_heap, node );
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::free_node_data( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    if( node->num_valid )
+    {
+        cvSetRemoveByPtr( nv_heap, node->num_valid );
+        node->num_valid = 0;
+    }
+    // do not free cv_* fields, as all the cross-validation related data is released at once.
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::free_train_data()
+{
+    cvReleaseMat( &counts );
+    cvReleaseMat( &buf );
+    cvReleaseMat( &direction );
+    cvReleaseMat( &split_buf );
+    cvReleaseMemStorage( &temp_storage );
+    cvReleaseMat( &responses_copy );
+    cv_heap = nv_heap = 0;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::clear()
+{
+    free_train_data();
+
+    cvReleaseMemStorage( &tree_storage );
+
+    cvReleaseMat( &var_idx );
+    cvReleaseMat( &var_type );
+    cvReleaseMat( &cat_count );
+    cvReleaseMat( &cat_ofs );
+    cvReleaseMat( &cat_map );
+    cvReleaseMat( &priors );
+    cvReleaseMat( &priors_mult );
+    
+    node_heap = split_heap = 0;
+
+    sample_count = var_all = var_count = max_c_count = ord_var_count = cat_var_count = 0;
+    have_labels = have_priors = is_classifier = false;
+
+    buf_count = buf_size = 0;
+    shared = false;
+    
+    data_root = 0;
+
+    rng = cvRNG(-1);
+}
+
+
+int CvDTreeTrainData::get_num_classes() const
+{
+    return is_classifier ? cat_count->data.i[cat_var_count] : 0;
+}
+
+
+int CvDTreeTrainData::get_var_type(int vi) const
+{
+    return var_type->data.i[vi];
+}
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::get_ord_var_data( CvDTreeNode* n, int vi, float* ord_values_buf, int* sorted_indices_buf,
+                                         const float** ord_values, const int** sorted_indices, int* sample_indices_buf )
+{
+    int vidx = var_idx ? var_idx->data.i[vi] : vi;
+    int node_sample_count = n->sample_count; 
+    int td_step = train_data->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(train_data->type);
+
+    const int* sample_indices = get_sample_indices(n, sample_indices_buf);
+
+    if( !is_buf_16u )
+        *sorted_indices = buf->data.i + n->buf_idx*buf->cols +
+        vi*sample_count + n->offset;
+    else {
+        const unsigned short* short_indices = (const unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + n->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+            vi*sample_count + n->offset );
+        for( int i = 0; i < node_sample_count; i++ )
+            sorted_indices_buf[i] = short_indices[i];
+        *sorted_indices = sorted_indices_buf;
+    }
+    
+    if( tflag == CV_ROW_SAMPLE )
+    {
+        for( int i = 0; i < node_sample_count && 
+            ((((*sorted_indices)[i] >= 0) && !is_buf_16u) || (((*sorted_indices)[i] != 65535) && is_buf_16u)); i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = (*sorted_indices)[i];
+            idx = sample_indices[idx];
+            ord_values_buf[i] = *(train_data->data.fl + idx * td_step + vidx);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        for( int i = 0; i < node_sample_count && 
+            ((((*sorted_indices)[i] >= 0) && !is_buf_16u) || (((*sorted_indices)[i] != 65535) && is_buf_16u)); i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = (*sorted_indices)[i];
+            idx = sample_indices[idx];
+            ord_values_buf[i] = *(train_data->data.fl + vidx* td_step + idx);
+        }
+    
+    *ord_values = ord_values_buf;
+}
+
+
+const int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_class_labels( CvDTreeNode* n, int* labels_buf )
+{
+    if (is_classifier)
+        return get_cat_var_data( n, var_count, labels_buf);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+const int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_sample_indices( CvDTreeNode* n, int* indices_buf )
+{
+    return get_cat_var_data( n, get_work_var_count(), indices_buf );
+}
+
+const float* CvDTreeTrainData::get_ord_responses( CvDTreeNode* n, float* values_buf, int*sample_indices_buf )
+{
+    int sample_count = n->sample_count;
+    int r_step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(responses->type) ? 1 : responses->step/CV_ELEM_SIZE(responses->type);
+    const int* indices = get_sample_indices(n, sample_indices_buf);
+
+    for( int i = 0; i < sample_count && 
+        (((indices[i] >= 0) && !is_buf_16u) || ((indices[i] != 65535) && is_buf_16u)); i++ )
+    {
+        int idx = indices[i];
+        values_buf[i] = *(responses->data.fl + idx * r_step);
+    }
+    
+    return values_buf;
+}
+
+
+const int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_cv_labels( CvDTreeNode* n, int* labels_buf )
+{
+    if (have_labels)
+        return get_cat_var_data( n, get_work_var_count()- 1, labels_buf);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+const int* CvDTreeTrainData::get_cat_var_data( CvDTreeNode* n, int vi, int* cat_values_buf)
+{
+    const int* cat_values = 0;
+    if( !is_buf_16u )
+        cat_values = buf->data.i + n->buf_idx*buf->cols +
+            vi*sample_count + n->offset;
+    else {
+        const unsigned short* short_values = (const unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + n->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+            vi*sample_count + n->offset);
+        for( int i = 0; i < n->sample_count; i++ )
+            cat_values_buf[i] = short_values[i];
+        cat_values = cat_values_buf;
+    }
+    return cat_values;
+}
+
+
+int CvDTreeTrainData::get_child_buf_idx( CvDTreeNode* n )
+{
+    int idx = n->buf_idx + 1;
+    if( idx >= buf_count )
+        idx = shared ? 1 : 0;
+    return idx;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::write_params( CvFileStorage* fs ) const
+{
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::write_params" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    int vi, vcount = var_count;
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "is_classifier", is_classifier ? 1 : 0 );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "var_all", var_all );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "var_count", var_count );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "ord_var_count", ord_var_count );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "cat_var_count", cat_var_count );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "training_params", CV_NODE_MAP );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "use_surrogates", params.use_surrogates ? 1 : 0 );
+
+    if( is_classifier )
+    {
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "max_categories", params.max_categories );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        cvWriteReal( fs, "regression_accuracy", params.regression_accuracy );
+    }
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "max_depth", params.max_depth );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "min_sample_count", params.min_sample_count );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "cross_validation_folds", params.cv_folds );
+
+    if( params.cv_folds > 1 )
+    {
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "use_1se_rule", params.use_1se_rule ? 1 : 0 );
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "truncate_pruned_tree", params.truncate_pruned_tree ? 1 : 0 );
+    }
+
+    if( priors )
+        cvWrite( fs, "priors", priors );
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+
+    if( var_idx )
+        cvWrite( fs, "var_idx", var_idx );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "var_type", CV_NODE_SEQ+CV_NODE_FLOW );
+
+    for( vi = 0; vi < vcount; vi++ )
+        cvWriteInt( fs, 0, var_type->data.i[vi] >= 0 );
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+
+    if( cat_count && (cat_var_count > 0 || is_classifier) )
+    {
+        CV_ASSERT( cat_count != 0 );
+        cvWrite( fs, "cat_count", cat_count );
+        cvWrite( fs, "cat_map", cat_map );
+    }
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTreeTrainData::read_params( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTreeTrainData::read_params" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    CvFileNode *tparams_node, *vartype_node;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    int vi, max_split_size, tree_block_size;
+
+    is_classifier = (cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "is_classifier" ) != 0);
+    var_all = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "var_all" );
+    var_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "var_count", var_all );
+    cat_var_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "cat_var_count" );
+    ord_var_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "ord_var_count" );
+
+    tparams_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "training_params" );
+
+    if( tparams_node ) // training parameters are not necessary
+    {
+        params.use_surrogates = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "use_surrogates", 1 ) != 0;
+
+        if( is_classifier )
+        {
+            params.max_categories = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "max_categories" );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            params.regression_accuracy =
+                (float)cvReadRealByName( fs, tparams_node, "regression_accuracy" );
+        }
+
+        params.max_depth = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "max_depth" );
+        params.min_sample_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "min_sample_count" );
+        params.cv_folds = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "cross_validation_folds" );
+
+        if( params.cv_folds > 1 )
+        {
+            params.use_1se_rule = cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "use_1se_rule" ) != 0;
+            params.truncate_pruned_tree =
+                cvReadIntByName( fs, tparams_node, "truncate_pruned_tree" ) != 0;
+        }
+
+        priors = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, tparams_node, "priors" );
+        if( priors )
+        {
+            if( !CV_IS_MAT(priors) )
+                CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "priors must stored as a matrix" );
+            priors_mult = cvCloneMat( priors );
+        }
+    }
+
+    CV_CALL( var_idx = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, node, "var_idx" ));
+    if( var_idx )
+    {
+        if( !CV_IS_MAT(var_idx) ||
+            (var_idx->cols != 1 && var_idx->rows != 1) ||
+            var_idx->cols + var_idx->rows - 1 != var_count ||
+            CV_MAT_TYPE(var_idx->type) != CV_32SC1 )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError,
+                "var_idx (if exist) must be valid 1d integer vector containing <var_count> elements" );
+
+        for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )
+            if( (unsigned)var_idx->data.i[vi] >= (unsigned)var_all )
+                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of var_idx elements are out of range" );
+    }
+
+    ////// read var type
+    CV_CALL( var_type = cvCreateMat( 1, var_count + 2, CV_32SC1 ));
+
+    cat_var_count = 0;
+    ord_var_count = -1;
+    vartype_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "var_type" );
+
+    if( vartype_node && CV_NODE_TYPE(vartype_node->tag) == CV_NODE_INT && var_count == 1 )
+        var_type->data.i[0] = vartype_node->data.i ? cat_var_count++ : ord_var_count--;
+    else
+    {
+        if( !vartype_node || CV_NODE_TYPE(vartype_node->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ ||
+            vartype_node->data.seq->total != var_count )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "var_type must exist and be a sequence of 0's and 1's" );
+
+        cvStartReadSeq( vartype_node->data.seq, &reader );
+
+        for( vi = 0; vi < var_count; vi++ )
+        {
+            CvFileNode* n = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+            if( CV_NODE_TYPE(n->tag) != CV_NODE_INT || (n->data.i & ~1) )
+                CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "var_type must exist and be a sequence of 0's and 1's" );
+            var_type->data.i[vi] = n->data.i ? cat_var_count++ : ord_var_count--;
+            CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );
+        }
+    }
+    var_type->data.i[var_count] = cat_var_count;
+
+    ord_var_count = ~ord_var_count;
+    if( cat_var_count != cat_var_count || ord_var_count != ord_var_count )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "var_type is inconsistent with cat_var_count and ord_var_count" );
+    //////
+
+    if( cat_var_count > 0 || is_classifier )
+    {
+        int ccount, total_c_count = 0;
+        CV_CALL( cat_count = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, node, "cat_count" ));
+        CV_CALL( cat_map = (CvMat*)cvReadByName( fs, node, "cat_map" ));
+
+        if( !CV_IS_MAT(cat_count) || !CV_IS_MAT(cat_map) ||
+            (cat_count->cols != 1 && cat_count->rows != 1) ||
+            CV_MAT_TYPE(cat_count->type) != CV_32SC1 ||
+            cat_count->cols + cat_count->rows - 1 != cat_var_count + is_classifier ||
+            (cat_map->cols != 1 && cat_map->rows != 1) ||
+            CV_MAT_TYPE(cat_map->type) != CV_32SC1 )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError,
+            "Both cat_count and cat_map must exist and be valid 1d integer vectors of an appropriate size" );
+
+        ccount = cat_var_count + is_classifier;
+
+        CV_CALL( cat_ofs = cvCreateMat( 1, ccount + 1, CV_32SC1 ));
+        cat_ofs->data.i[0] = 0;
+        max_c_count = 1;
+
+        for( vi = 0; vi < ccount; vi++ )
+        {
+            int val = cat_count->data.i[vi];
+            if( val <= 0 )
+                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of cat_count elements are out of range" );
+            max_c_count = MAX( max_c_count, val );
+            cat_ofs->data.i[vi+1] = total_c_count += val;
+        }
+
+        if( cat_map->cols + cat_map->rows - 1 != total_c_count )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadSize,
+            "cat_map vector length is not equal to the total number of categories in all categorical vars" );
+    }
+
+    max_split_size = cvAlign(sizeof(CvDTreeSplit) +
+        (MAX(0,max_c_count - 33)/32)*sizeof(int),sizeof(void*));
+
+    tree_block_size = MAX((int)sizeof(CvDTreeNode)*8, max_split_size);
+    tree_block_size = MAX(tree_block_size + block_size_delta, min_block_size);
+    CV_CALL( tree_storage = cvCreateMemStorage( tree_block_size ));
+    CV_CALL( node_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(node_heap[0]),
+            sizeof(CvDTreeNode), tree_storage ));
+    CV_CALL( split_heap = cvCreateSet( 0, sizeof(split_heap[0]),
+            max_split_size, tree_storage ));
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+/////////////////////// Decision Tree /////////////////////////
+
+CvDTree::CvDTree()
+{
+    data = 0;
+    var_importance = 0;
+    default_model_name = "my_tree";
+
+    clear();
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::clear()
+{
+    cvReleaseMat( &var_importance );
+    if( data )
+    {
+        if( !data->shared )
+            delete data;
+        else
+            free_tree();
+        data = 0;
+    }
+    root = 0;
+    pruned_tree_idx = -1;
+}
+
+
+CvDTree::~CvDTree()
+{
+    clear();
+}
+
+
+const CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::get_root() const
+{
+    return root;
+}
+
+
+int CvDTree::get_pruned_tree_idx() const
+{
+    return pruned_tree_idx;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeTrainData* CvDTree::get_data()
+{
+    return data;
+}
+
+
+bool CvDTree::train( const CvMat* _train_data, int _tflag,
+                     const CvMat* _responses, const CvMat* _var_idx,
+                     const CvMat* _sample_idx, const CvMat* _var_type,
+                     const CvMat* _missing_mask, CvDTreeParams _params )
+{
+    bool result = false;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::train" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    clear();
+    data = new CvDTreeTrainData( _train_data, _tflag, _responses,
+                                 _var_idx, _sample_idx, _var_type,
+                                 _missing_mask, _params, false );
+    CV_CALL( result = do_train(0) );
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool CvDTree::train( const Mat& _train_data, int _tflag,
+                    const Mat& _responses, const Mat& _var_idx,
+                    const Mat& _sample_idx, const Mat& _var_type,
+                    const Mat& _missing_mask, CvDTreeParams _params )
+{
+    CvMat tdata = _train_data, responses = _responses, vidx=_var_idx,
+        sidx=_sample_idx, vtype=_var_type, mmask=_missing_mask; 
+    return train(&tdata, _tflag, &responses, vidx.data.ptr ? &vidx : 0, sidx.data.ptr ? &sidx : 0,
+                 vtype.data.ptr ? &vtype : 0, mmask.data.ptr ? &mmask : 0, _params);
+}
+
+
+bool CvDTree::train( CvMLData* _data, CvDTreeParams _params )
+{
+   bool result = false;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::train" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    const CvMat* values = _data->get_values();
+    const CvMat* response = _data->get_responses();
+    const CvMat* missing = _data->get_missing();
+    const CvMat* var_types = _data->get_var_types();
+    const CvMat* train_sidx = _data->get_train_sample_idx();
+    const CvMat* var_idx = _data->get_var_idx();
+
+    CV_CALL( result = train( values, CV_ROW_SAMPLE, response, var_idx,
+        train_sidx, var_types, missing, _params ) );
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool CvDTree::train( CvDTreeTrainData* _data, const CvMat* _subsample_idx )
+{
+    bool result = false;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::train" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    clear();
+    data = _data;
+    data->shared = true;
+    CV_CALL( result = do_train(_subsample_idx));
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+bool CvDTree::do_train( const CvMat* _subsample_idx )
+{
+    bool result = false;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::do_train" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    root = data->subsample_data( _subsample_idx );
+
+    CV_CALL( try_split_node(root));
+
+    if( data->params.cv_folds > 0 )
+        CV_CALL( prune_cv());
+
+    if( !data->shared )
+        data->free_train_data();
+
+    result = true;
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::try_split_node( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    CvDTreeSplit* best_split = 0;
+    int i, n = node->sample_count, vi;
+    bool can_split = true;
+    double quality_scale;
+
+    calc_node_value( node );
+
+    if( node->sample_count <= data->params.min_sample_count ||
+        node->depth >= data->params.max_depth )
+        can_split = false;
+
+    if( can_split && data->is_classifier )
+    {
+        // check if we have a "pure" node,
+        // we assume that cls_count is filled by calc_node_value()
+        int* cls_count = data->counts->data.i;
+        int nz = 0, m = data->get_num_classes();
+        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )
+            nz += cls_count[i] != 0;
+        if( nz == 1 ) // there is only one class
+            can_split = false;
+    }
+    else if( can_split )
+    {
+        if( sqrt(node->node_risk)/n < data->params.regression_accuracy )
+            can_split = false;
+    }
+
+    if( can_split )
+    {
+        best_split = find_best_split(node);
+        // TODO: check the split quality ...
+        node->split = best_split;
+    }
+    if( !can_split || !best_split )
+    {
+        data->free_node_data(node);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quality_scale = calc_node_dir( node );
+    if( data->params.use_surrogates )
+    {
+        // find all the surrogate splits
+        // and sort them by their similarity to the primary one
+        for( vi = 0; vi < data->var_count; vi++ )
+        {
+            CvDTreeSplit* split;
+            int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+
+            if( vi == best_split->var_idx )
+                continue;
+
+            if( ci >= 0 )
+                split = find_surrogate_split_cat( node, vi );
+            else
+                split = find_surrogate_split_ord( node, vi );
+
+            if( split )
+            {
+                // insert the split
+                CvDTreeSplit* prev_split = node->split;
+                split->quality = (float)(split->quality*quality_scale);
+
+                while( prev_split->next &&
+                       prev_split->next->quality > split->quality )
+                    prev_split = prev_split->next;
+                split->next = prev_split->next;
+                prev_split->next = split;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    split_node_data( node );
+    try_split_node( node->left );
+    try_split_node( node->right );
+}
+
+
+// calculate direction (left(-1),right(1),missing(0))
+// for each sample using the best split
+// the function returns scale coefficients for surrogate split quality factors.
+// the scale is applied to normalize surrogate split quality relatively to the
+// best (primary) split quality. That is, if a surrogate split is absolutely
+// identical to the primary split, its quality will be set to the maximum value =
+// quality of the primary split; otherwise, it will be lower.
+// besides, the function compute node->maxlr,
+// minimum possible quality (w/o considering the above mentioned scale)
+// for a surrogate split. Surrogate splits with quality less than node->maxlr
+// are not discarded.
+double CvDTree::calc_node_dir( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;
+    int i, n = node->sample_count, vi = node->split->var_idx;
+    double L, R;
+
+    assert( !node->split->inversed );
+
+    if( data->get_var_type(vi) >= 0 ) // split on categorical var
+    {
+        cv::AutoBuffer<int> inn_buf(n*(!data->have_priors ? 1 : 2));
+        int* labels_buf = (int*)inn_buf;
+        const int* labels = data->get_cat_var_data( node, vi, labels_buf );
+        const int* subset = node->split->subset;
+        if( !data->have_priors )
+        {
+            int sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;
+
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = labels[i];
+                int d = ( ((idx >= 0)&&(!data->is_buf_16u)) || ((idx != 65535)&&(data->is_buf_16u)) ) ?
+                    CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(idx,subset) : 0;
+                sum += d; sum_abs += d & 1;
+                dir[i] = (char)d;
+            }
+
+            R = (sum_abs + sum) >> 1;
+            L = (sum_abs - sum) >> 1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;
+            double sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;
+            int* responses_buf = labels_buf + n;
+            const int* responses = data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf);
+
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = labels[i];
+                double w = priors[responses[i]];
+                int d = idx >= 0 ? CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(idx,subset) : 0;
+                sum += d*w; sum_abs += (d & 1)*w;
+                dir[i] = (char)d;
+            }
+
+            R = (sum_abs + sum) * 0.5;
+            L = (sum_abs - sum) * 0.5;
+        }
+    }
+    else // split on ordered var
+    {
+        int split_point = node->split->ord.split_point;
+        int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);
+        cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(n*(sizeof(int)*(data->have_priors ? 3 : 2) + sizeof(float)));
+        float* val_buf = (float*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+        int* sorted_buf = (int*)(val_buf + n);
+        int* sample_idx_buf = sorted_buf + n;
+        const float* val = 0;
+        const int* sorted = 0;
+        data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, val_buf, sorted_buf, &val, &sorted, sample_idx_buf);
+        
+        assert( 0 <= split_point && split_point < n1-1 );
+
+        if( !data->have_priors )
+        {
+            for( i = 0; i <= split_point; i++ )
+                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)-1;
+            for( ; i < n1; i++ )
+                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)1;
+            for( ; i < n; i++ )
+                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)0;
+
+            L = split_point-1;
+            R = n1 - split_point + 1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;
+            int* responses_buf = sample_idx_buf + n;
+            const int* responses = data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf);
+            L = R = 0;
+
+            for( i = 0; i <= split_point; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = sorted[i];
+                double w = priors[responses[idx]];
+                dir[idx] = (char)-1;
+                L += w;
+            }
+
+            for( ; i < n1; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = sorted[i];
+                double w = priors[responses[idx]];
+                dir[idx] = (char)1;
+                R += w;
+            }
+
+            for( ; i < n; i++ )
+                dir[sorted[i]] = (char)0;
+        }
+    }
+    node->maxlr = MAX( L, R );
+    return node->split->quality/(L + R);
+}
+
+
+namespace cv
+{
+
+DTreeBestSplitFinder::DTreeBestSplitFinder( CvDTree* _tree, CvDTreeNode* _node)
+{
+    tree = _tree;
+    node = _node;
+    splitSize = tree->get_data()->split_heap->elem_size;
+
+    bestSplit = (CvDTreeSplit*)(new char[splitSize]);
+    memset((CvDTreeSplit*)bestSplit, 0, splitSize);
+    bestSplit->quality = -1;
+    bestSplit->condensed_idx = INT_MIN;
+    split = (CvDTreeSplit*)(new char[splitSize]);
+    memset((CvDTreeSplit*)split, 0, splitSize);
+    //haveSplit = false;
+}
+
+DTreeBestSplitFinder::DTreeBestSplitFinder( const DTreeBestSplitFinder& finder, Split )
+{
+    tree = finder.tree;
+    node = finder.node;
+    splitSize = tree->get_data()->split_heap->elem_size;
+
+    bestSplit = (CvDTreeSplit*)(new char[splitSize]);
+    memcpy((CvDTreeSplit*)(bestSplit), (const CvDTreeSplit*)finder.bestSplit, splitSize);
+    split = (CvDTreeSplit*)(new char[splitSize]);
+    memset((CvDTreeSplit*)split, 0, splitSize);
+}
+
+void DTreeBestSplitFinder::operator()(const BlockedRange& range)
+{
+    int vi, vi1 = range.begin(), vi2 = range.end();
+    int n = node->sample_count;
+    CvDTreeTrainData* data = tree->get_data();
+    AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(2*n*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(float)));
+
+    for( vi = vi1; vi < vi2; vi++ )
+    {
+        CvDTreeSplit *res;
+        int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+        if( node->get_num_valid(vi) <= 1 )
+            continue;
+
+        if( data->is_classifier )
+        {
+            if( ci >= 0 )
+                res = tree->find_split_cat_class( node, vi, bestSplit->quality, split, (uchar*)inn_buf );
+            else
+                res = tree->find_split_ord_class( node, vi, bestSplit->quality, split, (uchar*)inn_buf );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( ci >= 0 )
+                res = tree->find_split_cat_reg( node, vi, bestSplit->quality, split, (uchar*)inn_buf );
+            else
+                res = tree->find_split_ord_reg( node, vi, bestSplit->quality, split, (uchar*)inn_buf );
+        }
+
+        if( res && bestSplit->quality < split->quality )
+                memcpy( (CvDTreeSplit*)bestSplit, (CvDTreeSplit*)split, splitSize );
+    }
+}
+
+void DTreeBestSplitFinder::join( DTreeBestSplitFinder& rhs )
+{
+    if( bestSplit->quality < rhs.bestSplit->quality )
+        memcpy( (CvDTreeSplit*)bestSplit, (CvDTreeSplit*)rhs.bestSplit, splitSize );
+}
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_best_split( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    DTreeBestSplitFinder finder( this, node );
+
+    cv::parallel_reduce(cv::BlockedRange(0, data->var_count), finder);
+
+    CvDTreeSplit *bestSplit = data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f );
+    memcpy( bestSplit, finder.bestSplit, finder.splitSize );
+
+    return bestSplit;
+}
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_ord_class( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi,
+                                             float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split, uchar* _ext_buf )
+{
+    const float epsilon = FLT_EPSILON*2;
+    int n = node->sample_count;
+    int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);
+    int m = data->get_num_classes();
+
+    int base_size = 2*m*sizeof(int);
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(base_size);
+    if( !_ext_buf )
+      inn_buf.allocate(base_size + n*(3*sizeof(int)+sizeof(float)));
+    uchar* base_buf = (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    uchar* ext_buf = _ext_buf ? _ext_buf : base_buf + base_size;
+    float* values_buf = (float*)ext_buf;
+    int* sorted_indices_buf = (int*)(values_buf + n);
+    int* sample_indices_buf = sorted_indices_buf + n;
+    const float* values = 0;
+    const int* sorted_indices = 0;
+    data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, sorted_indices_buf, &values,
+                            &sorted_indices, sample_indices_buf );
+    int* responses_buf =  sample_indices_buf + n;
+    const int* responses = data->get_class_labels( node, responses_buf );
+
+    const int* rc0 = data->counts->data.i;
+    int* lc = (int*)base_buf;
+    int* rc = lc + m;
+    int i, best_i = -1;
+    double lsum2 = 0, rsum2 = 0, best_val = init_quality;
+    const double* priors = data->have_priors ? data->priors_mult->data.db : 0;
+
+    // init arrays of class instance counters on both sides of the split
+    for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )
+    {
+        lc[i] = 0;
+        rc[i] = rc0[i];
+    }
+
+    // compensate for missing values
+    for( i = n1; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+        rc[responses[sorted_indices[i]]]--;
+    }
+
+    if( !priors )
+    {
+        int L = 0, R = n1;
+
+        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )
+            rsum2 += (double)rc[i]*rc[i];
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = responses[sorted_indices[i]];
+            int lv, rv;
+            L++; R--;
+            lv = lc[idx]; rv = rc[idx];
+            lsum2 += lv*2 + 1;
+            rsum2 -= rv*2 - 1;
+            lc[idx] = lv + 1; rc[idx] = rv - 1;
+
+            if( values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+            {
+                double val = (lsum2*R + rsum2*L)/((double)L*R);
+                if( best_val < val )
+                {
+                    best_val = val;
+                    best_i = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        double L = 0, R = 0;
+        for( i = 0; i < m; i++ )
+        {
+            double wv = rc[i]*priors[i];
+            R += wv;
+            rsum2 += wv*wv;
+        }
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = responses[sorted_indices[i]];
+            int lv, rv;
+            double p = priors[idx], p2 = p*p;
+            L += p; R -= p;
+            lv = lc[idx]; rv = rc[idx];
+            lsum2 += p2*(lv*2 + 1);
+            rsum2 -= p2*(rv*2 - 1);
+            lc[idx] = lv + 1; rc[idx] = rv - 1;
+
+            if( values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+            {
+                double val = (lsum2*R + rsum2*L)/((double)L*R);
+                if( best_val < val )
+                {
+                    best_val = val;
+                    best_i = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;
+    if( best_i >= 0 )
+    {
+        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_ord( 0, 0.0f, 0, 0, 0.0f );
+        split->var_idx = vi;
+        split->ord.c = (values[best_i] + values[best_i+1])*0.5f;
+        split->ord.split_point = best_i;
+        split->inversed = 0;
+        split->quality = (float)best_val;
+    }
+    return split;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::cluster_categories( const int* vectors, int n, int m,
+                                int* csums, int k, int* labels )
+{
+    // TODO: consider adding priors (class weights) and sample weights to the clustering algorithm
+    int iters = 0, max_iters = 100;
+    int i, j, idx;
+    double* buf = (double*)cvStackAlloc( (n + k)*sizeof(buf[0]) );
+    double *v_weights = buf, *c_weights = buf + n;
+    bool modified = true;
+    CvRNG* r = &data->rng;
+
+    // assign labels randomly
+    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+        int sum = 0;
+        const int* v = vectors + i*m;
+        labels[i] = i < k ? i : (cvRandInt(r) % k);
+
+        // compute weight of each vector
+        for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )
+            sum += v[j];
+        v_weights[i] = sum ? 1./sum : 0.;
+    }
+
+    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+        int i1 = cvRandInt(r) % n;
+        int i2 = cvRandInt(r) % n;
+        CV_SWAP( labels[i1], labels[i2], j );
+    }
+
+    for( iters = 0; iters <= max_iters; iters++ )
+    {
+        // calculate csums
+        for( i = 0; i < k; i++ )
+        {
+            for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )
+                csums[i*m + j] = 0;
+        }
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+        {
+            const int* v = vectors + i*m;
+            int* s = csums + labels[i]*m;
+            for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )
+                s[j] += v[j];
+        }
+
+        // exit the loop here, when we have up-to-date csums
+        if( iters == max_iters || !modified )
+            break;
+
+        modified = false;
+
+        // calculate weight of each cluster
+        for( i = 0; i < k; i++ )
+        {
+            const int* s = csums + i*m;
+            int sum = 0;
+            for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )
+                sum += s[j];
+            c_weights[i] = sum ? 1./sum : 0;
+        }
+
+        // now for each vector determine the closest cluster
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+        {
+            const int* v = vectors + i*m;
+            double alpha = v_weights[i];
+            double min_dist2 = DBL_MAX;
+            int min_idx = -1;
+
+            for( idx = 0; idx < k; idx++ )
+            {
+                const int* s = csums + idx*m;
+                double dist2 = 0., beta = c_weights[idx];
+                for( j = 0; j < m; j++ )
+                {
+                    double t = v[j]*alpha - s[j]*beta;
+                    dist2 += t*t;
+                }
+                if( min_dist2 > dist2 )
+                {
+                    min_dist2 = dist2;
+                    min_idx = idx;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if( min_idx != labels[i] )
+                modified = true;
+            labels[i] = min_idx;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_cat_class( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, float init_quality,
+                                             CvDTreeSplit* _split, uchar* _ext_buf )
+{
+    int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+    int n = node->sample_count;
+    int m = data->get_num_classes();
+    int _mi = data->cat_count->data.i[ci], mi = _mi;
+
+    int base_size = m*(3 + mi)*sizeof(int) + (mi+1)*sizeof(double);
+    if( m > 2 && mi > data->params.max_categories )
+        base_size += (m*min(data->params.max_categories, n) + mi)*sizeof(int);
+    else
+        base_size += mi*sizeof(int*);
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(base_size);
+    if( !_ext_buf )
+        inn_buf.allocate(base_size + 2*n*sizeof(int));
+    uchar* base_buf = (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    uchar* ext_buf = _ext_buf ? _ext_buf : base_buf + base_size;
+
+    int* lc = (int*)base_buf;
+    int* rc = lc + m;
+    int* _cjk = rc + m*2, *cjk = _cjk;
+    double* c_weights = (double*)alignPtr(cjk + m*mi, sizeof(double));
+
+    int* labels_buf = (int*)ext_buf;
+    const int* labels = data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf);
+    int* responses_buf = labels_buf + n;
+    const int* responses = data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf);
+
+    int* cluster_labels = 0;
+    int** int_ptr = 0;
+    int i, j, k, idx;
+    double L = 0, R = 0;
+    double best_val = init_quality;
+    int prevcode = 0, best_subset = -1, subset_i, subset_n, subtract = 0;
+    const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;
+
+    // init array of counters:
+    // c_{jk} - number of samples that have vi-th input variable = j and response = k.
+    for( j = -1; j < mi; j++ )
+        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            cjk[j*m + k] = 0;
+
+    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+       j = ( labels[i] == 65535 && data->is_buf_16u) ? -1 : labels[i];
+       k = responses[i];
+       cjk[j*m + k]++;
+    }
+
+    if( m > 2 )
+    {
+        if( mi > data->params.max_categories )
+        {
+            mi = MIN(data->params.max_categories, n);
+            cjk = (int*)(c_weights + _mi);
+            cluster_labels = cjk + m*mi;
+            cluster_categories( _cjk, _mi, m, cjk, mi, cluster_labels );
+        }
+        subset_i = 1;
+        subset_n = 1 << mi;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        assert( m == 2 );
+        int_ptr = (int**)(c_weights + _mi);
+        for( j = 0; j < mi; j++ )
+            int_ptr[j] = cjk + j*2 + 1;
+        icvSortIntPtr( int_ptr, mi, 0 );
+        subset_i = 0;
+        subset_n = mi;
+    }
+
+    for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+    {
+        int sum = 0;
+        for( j = 0; j < mi; j++ )
+            sum += cjk[j*m + k];
+        rc[k] = sum;
+        lc[k] = 0;
+    }
+
+    for( j = 0; j < mi; j++ )
+    {
+        double sum = 0;
+        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            sum += cjk[j*m + k]*priors[k];
+        c_weights[j] = sum;
+        R += c_weights[j];
+    }
+
+    for( ; subset_i < subset_n; subset_i++ )
+    {
+        double weight;
+        int* crow;
+        double lsum2 = 0, rsum2 = 0;
+
+        if( m == 2 )
+            idx = (int)(int_ptr[subset_i] - cjk)/2;
+        else
+        {
+            int graycode = (subset_i>>1)^subset_i;
+            int diff = graycode ^ prevcode;
+
+            // determine index of the changed bit.
+            Cv32suf u;
+            idx = diff >= (1 << 16) ? 16 : 0;
+            u.f = (float)(((diff >> 16) | diff) & 65535);
+            idx += (u.i >> 23) - 127;
+            subtract = graycode < prevcode;
+            prevcode = graycode;
+        }
+
+        crow = cjk + idx*m;
+        weight = c_weights[idx];
+        if( weight < FLT_EPSILON )
+            continue;
+
+        if( !subtract )
+        {
+            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            {
+                int t = crow[k];
+                int lval = lc[k] + t;
+                int rval = rc[k] - t;
+                double p = priors[k], p2 = p*p;
+                lsum2 += p2*lval*lval;
+                rsum2 += p2*rval*rval;
+                lc[k] = lval; rc[k] = rval;
+            }
+            L += weight;
+            R -= weight;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            {
+                int t = crow[k];
+                int lval = lc[k] - t;
+                int rval = rc[k] + t;
+                double p = priors[k], p2 = p*p;
+                lsum2 += p2*lval*lval;
+                rsum2 += p2*rval*rval;
+                lc[k] = lval; rc[k] = rval;
+            }
+            L -= weight;
+            R += weight;
+        }
+
+        if( L > FLT_EPSILON && R > FLT_EPSILON )
+        {
+            double val = (lsum2*R + rsum2*L)/((double)L*R);
+            if( best_val < val )
+            {
+                best_val = val;
+                best_subset = subset_i;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;
+    if( best_subset >= 0 ) 
+    {
+        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f );
+        split->var_idx = vi;
+        split->quality = (float)best_val;
+        memset( split->subset, 0, (data->max_c_count + 31)/32 * sizeof(int));
+        if( m == 2 )
+        {
+            for( i = 0; i <= best_subset; i++ )
+            {
+                idx = (int)(int_ptr[i] - cjk) >> 1;
+                split->subset[idx >> 5] |= 1 << (idx & 31);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for( i = 0; i < _mi; i++ )
+            {
+                idx = cluster_labels ? cluster_labels[i] : i;
+                if( best_subset & (1 << idx) )
+                    split->subset[i >> 5] |= 1 << (i & 31);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return split;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_ord_reg( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split, uchar* _ext_buf )
+{
+    const float epsilon = FLT_EPSILON*2;
+    int n = node->sample_count;
+    int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);
+
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf;
+    if( !_ext_buf )
+        inn_buf.allocate(2*n*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(float)));
+    uchar* ext_buf = _ext_buf ? _ext_buf : (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    float* values_buf = (float*)ext_buf;
+    int* sorted_indices_buf = (int*)(values_buf + n);
+    int* sample_indices_buf = sorted_indices_buf + n;
+    const float* values = 0;
+    const int* sorted_indices = 0;
+    data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, sorted_indices_buf, &values, &sorted_indices, sample_indices_buf );
+    float* responses_buf =  (float*)(sample_indices_buf + n);
+    const float* responses = data->get_ord_responses( node, responses_buf, sample_indices_buf );
+
+    int i, best_i = -1;
+    double best_val = init_quality, lsum = 0, rsum = node->value*n;
+    int L = 0, R = n1;
+
+    // compensate for missing values
+    for( i = n1; i < n; i++ )
+        rsum -= responses[sorted_indices[i]];
+
+    // find the optimal split
+    for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )
+    {
+        float t = responses[sorted_indices[i]];
+        L++; R--;
+        lsum += t;
+        rsum -= t;
+
+        if( values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+        {
+            double val = (lsum*lsum*R + rsum*rsum*L)/((double)L*R);
+            if( best_val < val )
+            {
+                best_val = val;
+                best_i = i;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;
+    if( best_i >= 0 )
+    {
+        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_ord( 0, 0.0f, 0, 0, 0.0f );
+        split->var_idx = vi;
+        split->ord.c = (values[best_i] + values[best_i+1])*0.5f;
+        split->ord.split_point = best_i;
+        split->inversed = 0;
+        split->quality = (float)best_val;
+    }
+    return split;
+}
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_split_cat_reg( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, float init_quality, CvDTreeSplit* _split, uchar* _ext_buf )
+{
+    int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+    int n = node->sample_count;
+    int mi = data->cat_count->data.i[ci];
+
+    int base_size = (mi+2)*sizeof(double) + (mi+1)*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(double*));
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(base_size);
+    if( !_ext_buf )
+        inn_buf.allocate(base_size + n*(2*sizeof(int) + sizeof(float)));
+    uchar* base_buf = (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    uchar* ext_buf = _ext_buf ? _ext_buf : base_buf + base_size;
+    int* labels_buf = (int*)ext_buf;
+    const int* labels = data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf);
+    float* responses_buf = (float*)(labels_buf + n);
+    int* sample_indices_buf = (int*)(responses_buf + n);
+    const float* responses = data->get_ord_responses(node, responses_buf, sample_indices_buf);
+
+    double* sum = (double*)cv::alignPtr(base_buf,sizeof(double)) + 1;
+    int* counts = (int*)(sum + mi) + 1;
+    double** sum_ptr = (double**)(counts + mi);
+    int i, L = 0, R = 0;
+    double best_val = init_quality, lsum = 0, rsum = 0;
+    int best_subset = -1, subset_i;
+
+    for( i = -1; i < mi; i++ )
+        sum[i] = counts[i] = 0;
+
+    // calculate sum response and weight of each category of the input var
+    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+        int idx = ( (labels[i] == 65535) && data->is_buf_16u ) ? -1 : labels[i];
+        double s = sum[idx] + responses[i];
+        int nc = counts[idx] + 1;
+        sum[idx] = s;
+        counts[idx] = nc;
+    }
+
+    // calculate average response in each category
+    for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )
+    {
+        R += counts[i];
+        rsum += sum[i];
+        sum[i] /= MAX(counts[i],1);
+        sum_ptr[i] = sum + i;
+    }
+
+    icvSortDblPtr( sum_ptr, mi, 0 );
+
+    // revert back to unnormalized sums
+    // (there should be a very little loss of accuracy)
+    for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )
+        sum[i] *= counts[i];
+
+    for( subset_i = 0; subset_i < mi-1; subset_i++ )
+    {
+        int idx = (int)(sum_ptr[subset_i] - sum);
+        int ni = counts[idx];
+
+        if( ni )
+        {
+            double s = sum[idx];
+            lsum += s; L += ni;
+            rsum -= s; R -= ni;
+
+            if( L && R )
+            {
+                double val = (lsum*lsum*R + rsum*rsum*L)/((double)L*R);
+                if( best_val < val )
+                {
+                    best_val = val;
+                    best_subset = subset_i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;
+    if( best_subset >= 0 )
+    {
+        split = _split ? _split : data->new_split_cat( 0, -1.0f);
+        split->var_idx = vi;
+        split->quality = (float)best_val;
+        memset( split->subset, 0, (data->max_c_count + 31)/32 * sizeof(int));
+        for( i = 0; i <= best_subset; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = (int)(sum_ptr[i] - sum);
+            split->subset[idx >> 5] |= 1 << (idx & 31);
+        }
+    }
+    return split;
+}
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_surrogate_split_ord( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, uchar* _ext_buf )
+{
+    const float epsilon = FLT_EPSILON*2;
+    const char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;
+    int n = node->sample_count, n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf;
+    if( !_ext_buf )
+        inn_buf.allocate( n*(sizeof(int)*(data->have_priors ? 3 : 2) + sizeof(float)) );
+    uchar* ext_buf = _ext_buf ? _ext_buf : (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    float* values_buf = (float*)ext_buf;
+    int* sorted_indices_buf = (int*)(values_buf + n);
+    int* sample_indices_buf = sorted_indices_buf + n;
+    const float* values = 0;
+    const int* sorted_indices = 0;
+    data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, sorted_indices_buf, &values, &sorted_indices, sample_indices_buf );
+    // LL - number of samples that both the primary and the surrogate splits send to the left
+    // LR - ... primary split sends to the left and the surrogate split sends to the right
+    // RL - ... primary split sends to the right and the surrogate split sends to the left
+    // RR - ... both send to the right
+    int i, best_i = -1, best_inversed = 0;
+    double best_val;
+
+    if( !data->have_priors )
+    {
+        int LL = 0, RL = 0, LR, RR;
+        int worst_val = cvFloor(node->maxlr), _best_val = worst_val;
+        int sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )
+        {
+            int d = dir[sorted_indices[i]];
+            sum += d; sum_abs += d & 1;
+        }
+
+        // sum_abs = R + L; sum = R - L
+        RR = (sum_abs + sum) >> 1;
+        LR = (sum_abs - sum) >> 1;
+
+        // initially all the samples are sent to the right by the surrogate split,
+        // LR of them are sent to the left by primary split, and RR - to the right.
+        // now iteratively compute LL, LR, RL and RR for every possible surrogate split value.
+        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )
+        {
+            int d = dir[sorted_indices[i]];
+
+            if( d < 0 )
+            {
+                LL++; LR--;
+                if( LL + RR > _best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+                {
+                    best_val = LL + RR;
+                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else if( d > 0 )
+            {
+                RL++; RR--;
+                if( RL + LR > _best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+                {
+                    best_val = RL + LR;
+                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        best_val = _best_val;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        double LL = 0, RL = 0, LR, RR;
+        double worst_val = node->maxlr;
+        double sum = 0, sum_abs = 0;
+        const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;
+        int* responses_buf = sample_indices_buf + n;
+        const int* responses = data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf);
+        best_val = worst_val;
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = sorted_indices[i];
+            double w = priors[responses[idx]];
+            int d = dir[idx];
+            sum += d*w; sum_abs += (d & 1)*w;
+        }
+
+        // sum_abs = R + L; sum = R - L
+        RR = (sum_abs + sum)*0.5;
+        LR = (sum_abs - sum)*0.5;
+
+        // initially all the samples are sent to the right by the surrogate split,
+        // LR of them are sent to the left by primary split, and RR - to the right.
+        // now iteratively compute LL, LR, RL and RR for every possible surrogate split value.
+        for( i = 0; i < n1 - 1; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = sorted_indices[i];
+            double w = priors[responses[idx]];
+            int d = dir[idx];
+
+            if( d < 0 )
+            {
+                LL += w; LR -= w;
+                if( LL + RR > best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+                {
+                    best_val = LL + RR;
+                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else if( d > 0 )
+            {
+                RL += w; RR -= w;
+                if( RL + LR > best_val && values[i] + epsilon < values[i+1] )
+                {
+                    best_val = RL + LR;
+                    best_i = i; best_inversed = 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return best_i >= 0 && best_val > node->maxlr ? data->new_split_ord( vi,
+        (values[best_i] + values[best_i+1])*0.5f, best_i, best_inversed, (float)best_val ) : 0;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::find_surrogate_split_cat( CvDTreeNode* node, int vi, uchar* _ext_buf )
+{
+    const char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;
+    int n = node->sample_count;
+    int i, mi = data->cat_count->data.i[data->get_var_type(vi)], l_win = 0;
+
+    int base_size = (2*(mi+1)+1)*sizeof(double) + (!data->have_priors ? 2*(mi+1)*sizeof(int) : 0);
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(base_size);
+    if( !_ext_buf )
+        inn_buf.allocate(base_size + n*(sizeof(int) + (data->have_priors ? sizeof(int) : 0)));
+    uchar* base_buf = (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    uchar* ext_buf = _ext_buf ? _ext_buf : base_buf + base_size;
+
+    int* labels_buf = (int*)ext_buf;
+    const int* labels = data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf);
+    // LL - number of samples that both the primary and the surrogate splits send to the left
+    // LR - ... primary split sends to the left and the surrogate split sends to the right
+    // RL - ... primary split sends to the right and the surrogate split sends to the left
+    // RR - ... both send to the right
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = data->new_split_cat( vi, 0 );
+    double best_val = 0;
+    double* lc = (double*)cv::alignPtr(base_buf,sizeof(double)) + 1;
+    double* rc = lc + mi + 1;
+
+    for( i = -1; i < mi; i++ )
+        lc[i] = rc[i] = 0;
+
+    // for each category calculate the weight of samples
+    // sent to the left (lc) and to the right (rc) by the primary split
+    if( !data->have_priors )
+    {
+        int* _lc = (int*)rc + 1;
+        int* _rc = _lc + mi + 1;
+
+        for( i = -1; i < mi; i++ )
+            _lc[i] = _rc[i] = 0;
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = ( (labels[i] == 65535) && (data->is_buf_16u) ) ? -1 : labels[i];
+            int d = dir[i];
+            int sum = _lc[idx] + d;
+            int sum_abs = _rc[idx] + (d & 1);
+            _lc[idx] = sum; _rc[idx] = sum_abs;
+        }
+
+        for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )
+        {
+            int sum = _lc[i];
+            int sum_abs = _rc[i];
+            lc[i] = (sum_abs - sum) >> 1;
+            rc[i] = (sum_abs + sum) >> 1;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        const double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;
+        int* responses_buf = labels_buf + n;
+        const int* responses = data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf);
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+        {
+            int idx = ( (labels[i] == 65535) && (data->is_buf_16u) ) ? -1 : labels[i];
+            double w = priors[responses[i]];
+            int d = dir[i];
+            double sum = lc[idx] + d*w;
+            double sum_abs = rc[idx] + (d & 1)*w;
+            lc[idx] = sum; rc[idx] = sum_abs;
+        }
+
+        for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )
+        {
+            double sum = lc[i];
+            double sum_abs = rc[i];
+            lc[i] = (sum_abs - sum) * 0.5;
+            rc[i] = (sum_abs + sum) * 0.5;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 2. now form the split.
+    // in each category send all the samples to the same direction as majority
+    for( i = 0; i < mi; i++ )
+    {
+        double lval = lc[i], rval = rc[i];
+        if( lval > rval )
+        {
+            split->subset[i >> 5] |= 1 << (i & 31);
+            best_val += lval;
+            l_win++;
+        }
+        else
+            best_val += rval;
+    }
+
+    split->quality = (float)best_val;
+    if( split->quality <= node->maxlr || l_win == 0 || l_win == mi )
+        cvSetRemoveByPtr( data->split_heap, split ), split = 0;
+
+    return split;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::calc_node_value( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    int i, j, k, n = node->sample_count, cv_n = data->params.cv_folds;
+    int m = data->get_num_classes();
+
+    int base_size = data->is_classifier ? m*cv_n*sizeof(int) : 2*cv_n*sizeof(double)+cv_n*sizeof(int);
+    int ext_size = n*(sizeof(int) + (data->is_classifier ? sizeof(int) : sizeof(int)+sizeof(float)));
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(base_size + ext_size);
+    uchar* base_buf = (uchar*)inn_buf;
+    uchar* ext_buf = base_buf + base_size;
+
+    int* cv_labels_buf = (int*)ext_buf;
+    const int* cv_labels = data->get_cv_labels(node, cv_labels_buf);
+
+    if( data->is_classifier )
+    {
+        // in case of classification tree:
+        //  * node value is the label of the class that has the largest weight in the node.
+        //  * node risk is the weighted number of misclassified samples,
+        //  * j-th cross-validation fold value and risk are calculated as above,
+        //    but using the samples with cv_labels(*)!=j.
+        //  * j-th cross-validation fold error is calculated as the weighted number of
+        //    misclassified samples with cv_labels(*)==j.
+
+        // compute the number of instances of each class
+        int* cls_count = data->counts->data.i;
+        int* responses_buf = cv_labels_buf + n;
+        const int* responses = data->get_class_labels(node, responses_buf);
+        int* cv_cls_count = (int*)base_buf;
+        double max_val = -1, total_weight = 0;
+        int max_k = -1;
+        double* priors = data->priors_mult->data.db;
+
+        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            cls_count[k] = 0;
+
+        if( cv_n == 0 )
+        {
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+                cls_count[responses[i]]++;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+                for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+                    cv_cls_count[j*m + k] = 0;
+
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                j = cv_labels[i]; k = responses[i];
+                cv_cls_count[j*m + k]++;
+            }
+
+            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+                for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+                    cls_count[k] += cv_cls_count[j*m + k];
+        }
+
+        if( data->have_priors && node->parent == 0 )
+        {
+            // compute priors_mult from priors, take the sample ratio into account.
+            double sum = 0;
+            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            {
+                int n_k = cls_count[k];
+                priors[k] = data->priors->data.db[k]*(n_k ? 1./n_k : 0.);
+                sum += priors[k];
+            }
+            sum = 1./sum;
+            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+                priors[k] *= sum;
+        }
+
+        for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+        {
+            double val = cls_count[k]*priors[k];
+            total_weight += val;
+            if( max_val < val )
+            {
+                max_val = val;
+                max_k = k;
+            }
+        }
+
+        node->class_idx = max_k;
+        node->value = data->cat_map->data.i[
+            data->cat_ofs->data.i[data->cat_var_count] + max_k];
+        node->node_risk = total_weight - max_val;
+
+        for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+        {
+            double sum_k = 0, sum = 0, max_val_k = 0;
+            max_val = -1; max_k = -1;
+
+            for( k = 0; k < m; k++ )
+            {
+                double w = priors[k];
+                double val_k = cv_cls_count[j*m + k]*w;
+                double val = cls_count[k]*w - val_k;
+                sum_k += val_k;
+                sum += val;
+                if( max_val < val )
+                {
+                    max_val = val;
+                    max_val_k = val_k;
+                    max_k = k;
+                }
+            }
+
+            node->cv_Tn[j] = INT_MAX;
+            node->cv_node_risk[j] = sum - max_val;
+            node->cv_node_error[j] = sum_k - max_val_k;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // in case of regression tree:
+        //  * node value is 1/n*sum_i(Y_i), where Y_i is i-th response,
+        //    n is the number of samples in the node.
+        //  * node risk is the sum of squared errors: sum_i((Y_i - <node_value>)^2)
+        //  * j-th cross-validation fold value and risk are calculated as above,
+        //    but using the samples with cv_labels(*)!=j.
+        //  * j-th cross-validation fold error is calculated
+        //    using samples with cv_labels(*)==j as the test subset:
+        //    error_j = sum_(i,cv_labels(i)==j)((Y_i - <node_value_j>)^2),
+        //    where node_value_j is the node value calculated
+        //    as described in the previous bullet, and summation is done
+        //    over the samples with cv_labels(*)==j.
+
+        double sum = 0, sum2 = 0;
+        float* values_buf = (float*)(cv_labels_buf + n);
+        int* sample_indices_buf = (int*)(values_buf + n);
+        const float* values = data->get_ord_responses(node, values_buf, sample_indices_buf);
+        double *cv_sum = 0, *cv_sum2 = 0;
+        int* cv_count = 0;
+
+        if( cv_n == 0 )
+        {
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                double t = values[i];
+                sum += t;
+                sum2 += t*t;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            cv_sum = (double*)base_buf;
+            cv_sum2 = cv_sum + cv_n;
+            cv_count = (int*)(cv_sum2 + cv_n);
+
+            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+            {
+                cv_sum[j] = cv_sum2[j] = 0.;
+                cv_count[j] = 0;
+            }
+
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                j = cv_labels[i];
+                double t = values[i];
+                double s = cv_sum[j] + t;
+                double s2 = cv_sum2[j] + t*t;
+                int nc = cv_count[j] + 1;
+                cv_sum[j] = s;
+                cv_sum2[j] = s2;
+                cv_count[j] = nc;
+            }
+
+            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+            {
+                sum += cv_sum[j];
+                sum2 += cv_sum2[j];
+            }
+        }
+
+        node->node_risk = sum2 - (sum/n)*sum;
+        node->value = sum/n;
+
+        for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+        {
+            double s = cv_sum[j], si = sum - s;
+            double s2 = cv_sum2[j], s2i = sum2 - s2;
+            int c = cv_count[j], ci = n - c;
+            double r = si/MAX(ci,1);
+            node->cv_node_risk[j] = s2i - r*r*ci;
+            node->cv_node_error[j] = s2 - 2*r*s + c*r*r;
+            node->cv_Tn[j] = INT_MAX;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::complete_node_dir( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    int vi, i, n = node->sample_count, nl, nr, d0 = 0, d1 = -1;
+    int nz = n - node->get_num_valid(node->split->var_idx);
+    char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;
+
+    // try to complete direction using surrogate splits
+    if( nz && data->params.use_surrogates )
+    {
+        cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(n*(2*sizeof(int)+sizeof(float)));
+        CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split->next;
+        for( ; split != 0 && nz; split = split->next )
+        {
+            int inversed_mask = split->inversed ? -1 : 0;
+            vi = split->var_idx;
+
+            if( data->get_var_type(vi) >= 0 ) // split on categorical var
+            {
+                int* labels_buf = (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+                const int* labels = data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, labels_buf);
+                const int* subset = split->subset;
+
+                for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+                {
+                    int idx = labels[i];
+                    if( !dir[i] && ( ((idx >= 0)&&(!data->is_buf_16u)) || ((idx != 65535)&&(data->is_buf_16u)) ))
+                        
+                    {
+                        int d = CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(idx,subset);
+                        dir[i] = (char)((d ^ inversed_mask) - inversed_mask);
+                        if( --nz )
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else // split on ordered var
+            {
+                float* values_buf = (float*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+                int* sorted_indices_buf = (int*)(values_buf + n);
+                int* sample_indices_buf = sorted_indices_buf + n;
+                const float* values = 0;
+                const int* sorted_indices = 0;
+                data->get_ord_var_data( node, vi, values_buf, sorted_indices_buf, &values, &sorted_indices, sample_indices_buf );
+                int split_point = split->ord.split_point;
+                int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);
+
+                assert( 0 <= split_point && split_point < n-1 );
+
+                for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )
+                {
+                    int idx = sorted_indices[i];
+                    if( !dir[idx] )
+                    {
+                        int d = i <= split_point ? -1 : 1;
+                        dir[idx] = (char)((d ^ inversed_mask) - inversed_mask);
+                        if( --nz )
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // find the default direction for the rest
+    if( nz )
+    {
+        for( i = nr = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            nr += dir[i] > 0;
+        nl = n - nr - nz;
+        d0 = nl > nr ? -1 : nr > nl;
+    }
+
+    // make sure that every sample is directed either to the left or to the right
+    for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+        int d = dir[i];
+        if( !d )
+        {
+            d = d0;
+            if( !d )
+                d = d1, d1 = -d1;
+        }
+        d = d > 0;
+        dir[i] = (char)d; // remap (-1,1) to (0,1)
+    }
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::split_node_data( CvDTreeNode* node )
+{
+    int vi, i, n = node->sample_count, nl, nr, scount = data->sample_count;
+    char* dir = (char*)data->direction->data.ptr;
+    CvDTreeNode *left = 0, *right = 0;
+    int* new_idx = data->split_buf->data.i;
+    int new_buf_idx = data->get_child_buf_idx( node );
+    int work_var_count = data->get_work_var_count();
+    CvMat* buf = data->buf;
+    cv::AutoBuffer<uchar> inn_buf(n*(3*sizeof(int) + sizeof(float)));
+    int* temp_buf = (int*)(uchar*)inn_buf;
+
+    complete_node_dir(node);
+
+    for( i = nl = nr = 0; i < n; i++ )
+    {
+        int d = dir[i];
+        // initialize new indices for splitting ordered variables
+        new_idx[i] = (nl & (d-1)) | (nr & -d); // d ? ri : li
+        nr += d;
+        nl += d^1;
+    }
+
+    bool split_input_data;
+    node->left = left = data->new_node( node, nl, new_buf_idx, node->offset );
+    node->right = right = data->new_node( node, nr, new_buf_idx, node->offset + nl );
+
+    split_input_data = node->depth + 1 < data->params.max_depth &&
+        (node->left->sample_count > data->params.min_sample_count ||
+        node->right->sample_count > data->params.min_sample_count);
+
+    // split ordered variables, keep both halves sorted.
+    for( vi = 0; vi < data->var_count; vi++ )
+    {
+        int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+
+        if( ci >= 0 || !split_input_data )
+            continue;
+
+        int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi);
+        float* src_val_buf = (float*)(uchar*)(temp_buf + n);
+        int* src_sorted_idx_buf = (int*)(src_val_buf + n);
+        int* src_sample_idx_buf = src_sorted_idx_buf + n;
+        const float* src_val = 0;
+        const int* src_sorted_idx = 0;
+        data->get_ord_var_data(node, vi, src_val_buf, src_sorted_idx_buf, &src_val, &src_sorted_idx, src_sample_idx_buf);
+
+        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            temp_buf[i] = src_sorted_idx[i];
+
+        if (data->is_buf_16u)
+        {
+            unsigned short *ldst, *rdst, *ldst0, *rdst0;
+            //unsigned short tl, tr;
+            ldst0 = ldst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + left->offset);
+            rdst0 = rdst = (unsigned short*)(ldst + nl);
+
+            // split sorted
+            for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = temp_buf[i];
+                int d = dir[idx];
+                idx = new_idx[idx];
+                if (d)
+                {
+                    *rdst = (unsigned short)idx;
+                    rdst++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *ldst = (unsigned short)idx;
+                    ldst++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            left->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(ldst - ldst0));
+            right->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(rdst - rdst0));
+
+            // split missing
+            for( ; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = temp_buf[i];
+                int d = dir[idx];
+                idx = new_idx[idx];
+                if (d)
+                {
+                    *rdst = (unsigned short)idx;
+                    rdst++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *ldst = (unsigned short)idx;
+                    ldst++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            int *ldst0, *ldst, *rdst0, *rdst;
+            ldst0 = ldst = buf->data.i + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + left->offset;
+            rdst0 = rdst = buf->data.i + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + right->offset;
+
+            // split sorted
+            for( i = 0; i < n1; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = temp_buf[i];
+                int d = dir[idx];
+                idx = new_idx[idx];
+                if (d)
+                {
+                    *rdst = idx;
+                    rdst++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *ldst = idx;
+                    ldst++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            left->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(ldst - ldst0));
+            right->set_num_valid(vi, (int)(rdst - rdst0));
+
+            // split missing
+            for( ; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                int idx = temp_buf[i];
+                int d = dir[idx];
+                idx = new_idx[idx];
+                if (d)
+                {
+                    *rdst = idx;
+                    rdst++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *ldst = idx;
+                    ldst++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // split categorical vars, responses and cv_labels using new_idx relocation table
+    for( vi = 0; vi < work_var_count; vi++ )
+    {
+        int ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+        int n1 = node->get_num_valid(vi), nr1 = 0;
+        
+        if( ci < 0 || (vi < data->var_count && !split_input_data) )
+            continue;
+
+        int *src_lbls_buf = temp_buf + n;
+        const int* src_lbls = data->get_cat_var_data(node, vi, src_lbls_buf);
+
+        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            temp_buf[i] = src_lbls[i];
+
+        if (data->is_buf_16u)
+        {
+            unsigned short *ldst = (unsigned short *)(buf->data.s + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + left->offset);
+            unsigned short *rdst = (unsigned short *)(buf->data.s + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + right->offset);
+            
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                int d = dir[i];
+                int idx = temp_buf[i];
+                if (d)
+                {
+                    *rdst = (unsigned short)idx;
+                    rdst++;
+                    nr1 += (idx != 65535 )&d;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *ldst = (unsigned short)idx;
+                    ldst++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if( vi < data->var_count )
+            {
+                left->set_num_valid(vi, n1 - nr1);
+                right->set_num_valid(vi, nr1);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            int *ldst = buf->data.i + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + left->offset;
+            int *rdst = buf->data.i + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+                vi*scount + right->offset;
+            
+            for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            {
+                int d = dir[i];
+                int idx = temp_buf[i];
+                if (d)
+                {
+                    *rdst = idx;
+                    rdst++;
+                    nr1 += (idx >= 0)&d;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *ldst = idx;
+                    ldst++;
+                }
+                
+            }
+
+            if( vi < data->var_count )
+            {
+                left->set_num_valid(vi, n1 - nr1);
+                right->set_num_valid(vi, nr1);
+            }
+        }        
+    }
+
+
+    // split sample indices
+    int *sample_idx_src_buf = temp_buf + n;
+    const int* sample_idx_src = data->get_sample_indices(node, sample_idx_src_buf);
+
+    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        temp_buf[i] = sample_idx_src[i];
+
+    int pos = data->get_work_var_count();
+    if (data->is_buf_16u)
+    {
+        unsigned short* ldst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+            pos*scount + left->offset);
+        unsigned short* rdst = (unsigned short*)(buf->data.s + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+            pos*scount + right->offset);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        {
+            int d = dir[i];
+            unsigned short idx = (unsigned short)temp_buf[i];
+            if (d)
+            {
+                *rdst = idx;
+                rdst++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                *ldst = idx;
+                ldst++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int* ldst = buf->data.i + left->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+            pos*scount + left->offset;
+        int* rdst = buf->data.i + right->buf_idx*buf->cols + 
+            pos*scount + right->offset;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        {
+            int d = dir[i];
+            int idx = temp_buf[i];
+            if (d)
+            {
+                *rdst = idx;
+                rdst++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                *ldst = idx;
+                ldst++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // deallocate the parent node data that is not needed anymore
+    data->free_node_data(node);    
+}
+
+float CvDTree::calc_error( CvMLData* _data, int type, vector<float> *resp )
+{
+    float err = 0;
+    const CvMat* values = _data->get_values();
+    const CvMat* response = _data->get_responses();
+    const CvMat* missing = _data->get_missing();
+    const CvMat* sample_idx = (type == CV_TEST_ERROR) ? _data->get_test_sample_idx() : _data->get_train_sample_idx();
+    const CvMat* var_types = _data->get_var_types();
+    int* sidx = sample_idx ? sample_idx->data.i : 0;
+    int r_step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(response->type) ?
+                1 : response->step / CV_ELEM_SIZE(response->type);
+    bool is_classifier = var_types->data.ptr[var_types->cols-1] == CV_VAR_CATEGORICAL;
+    int sample_count = sample_idx ? sample_idx->cols : 0;
+    sample_count = (type == CV_TRAIN_ERROR && sample_count == 0) ? values->rows : sample_count;
+    float* pred_resp = 0;
+    if( resp && (sample_count > 0) )
+    {
+        resp->resize( sample_count );
+        pred_resp = &((*resp)[0]);
+    }
+
+    if ( is_classifier )
+    {
+        for( int i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+        {
+            CvMat sample, miss;
+            int si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+            cvGetRow( values, &sample, si ); 
+            if( missing ) 
+                cvGetRow( missing, &miss, si );             
+            float r = (float)predict( &sample, missing ? &miss : 0 )->value;
+            if( pred_resp )
+                pred_resp[i] = r;
+            int d = fabs((double)r - response->data.fl[si*r_step]) <= FLT_EPSILON ? 0 : 1;
+            err += d;
+        }
+        err = sample_count ? err / (float)sample_count * 100 : -FLT_MAX;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for( int i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
+        {
+            CvMat sample, miss;
+            int si = sidx ? sidx[i] : i;
+            cvGetRow( values, &sample, si ); 
+            if( missing ) 
+                cvGetRow( missing, &miss, si );             
+            float r = (float)predict( &sample, missing ? &miss : 0 )->value;
+            if( pred_resp )
+                pred_resp[i] = r;
+            float d = r - response->data.fl[si*r_step];
+            err += d*d;
+        }
+        err = sample_count ? err / (float)sample_count : -FLT_MAX;    
+    }
+    return err;
+}
+
+void CvDTree::prune_cv()
+{
+    CvMat* ab = 0;
+    CvMat* temp = 0;
+    CvMat* err_jk = 0;
+
+    // 1. build tree sequence for each cv fold, calculate error_{Tj,beta_k}.
+    // 2. choose the best tree index (if need, apply 1SE rule).
+    // 3. store the best index and cut the branches.
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::prune_cv" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    int ti, j, tree_count = 0, cv_n = data->params.cv_folds, n = root->sample_count;
+    // currently, 1SE for regression is not implemented
+    bool use_1se = data->params.use_1se_rule != 0 && data->is_classifier;
+    double* err;
+    double min_err = 0, min_err_se = 0;
+    int min_idx = -1;
+
+    CV_CALL( ab = cvCreateMat( 1, 256, CV_64F ));
+
+    // build the main tree sequence, calculate alpha's
+    for(;;tree_count++)
+    {
+        double min_alpha = update_tree_rnc(tree_count, -1);
+        if( cut_tree(tree_count, -1, min_alpha) )
+            break;
+
+        if( ab->cols <= tree_count )
+        {
+            CV_CALL( temp = cvCreateMat( 1, ab->cols*3/2, CV_64F ));
+            for( ti = 0; ti < ab->cols; ti++ )
+                temp->data.db[ti] = ab->data.db[ti];
+            cvReleaseMat( &ab );
+            ab = temp;
+            temp = 0;
+        }
+
+        ab->data.db[tree_count] = min_alpha;
+    }
+
+    ab->data.db[0] = 0.;
+
+    if( tree_count > 0 )
+    {
+        for( ti = 1; ti < tree_count-1; ti++ )
+            ab->data.db[ti] = sqrt(ab->data.db[ti]*ab->data.db[ti+1]);
+        ab->data.db[tree_count-1] = DBL_MAX*0.5;
+
+        CV_CALL( err_jk = cvCreateMat( cv_n, tree_count, CV_64F ));
+        err = err_jk->data.db;
+
+        for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+        {
+            int tj = 0, tk = 0;
+            for( ; tk < tree_count; tj++ )
+            {
+                double min_alpha = update_tree_rnc(tj, j);
+                if( cut_tree(tj, j, min_alpha) )
+                    min_alpha = DBL_MAX;
+
+                for( ; tk < tree_count; tk++ )
+                {
+                    if( ab->data.db[tk] > min_alpha )
+                        break;
+                    err[j*tree_count + tk] = root->tree_error;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for( ti = 0; ti < tree_count; ti++ )
+        {
+            double sum_err = 0;
+            for( j = 0; j < cv_n; j++ )
+                sum_err += err[j*tree_count + ti];
+            if( ti == 0 || sum_err < min_err )
+            {
+                min_err = sum_err;
+                min_idx = ti;
+                if( use_1se )
+                    min_err_se = sqrt( sum_err*(n - sum_err) );
+            }
+            else if( sum_err < min_err + min_err_se )
+                min_idx = ti;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pruned_tree_idx = min_idx;
+    free_prune_data(data->params.truncate_pruned_tree != 0);
+
+    __END__;
+
+    cvReleaseMat( &err_jk );
+    cvReleaseMat( &ab );
+    cvReleaseMat( &temp );
+}
+
+
+double CvDTree::update_tree_rnc( int T, int fold )
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* node = root;
+    double min_alpha = DBL_MAX;
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        CvDTreeNode* parent;
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            int t = fold >= 0 ? node->cv_Tn[fold] : node->Tn;
+            if( t <= T || !node->left )
+            {
+                node->complexity = 1;
+                node->tree_risk = node->node_risk;
+                node->tree_error = 0.;
+                if( fold >= 0 )
+                {
+                    node->tree_risk = node->cv_node_risk[fold];
+                    node->tree_error = node->cv_node_error[fold];
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            node = node->left;
+        }
+
+        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;
+            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )
+        {
+            parent->complexity += node->complexity;
+            parent->tree_risk += node->tree_risk;
+            parent->tree_error += node->tree_error;
+
+            parent->alpha = ((fold >= 0 ? parent->cv_node_risk[fold] : parent->node_risk)
+                - parent->tree_risk)/(parent->complexity - 1);
+            min_alpha = MIN( min_alpha, parent->alpha );
+        }
+
+        if( !parent )
+            break;
+
+        parent->complexity = node->complexity;
+        parent->tree_risk = node->tree_risk;
+        parent->tree_error = node->tree_error;
+        node = parent->right;
+    }
+
+    return min_alpha;
+}
+
+
+int CvDTree::cut_tree( int T, int fold, double min_alpha )
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* node = root;
+    if( !node->left )
+        return 1;
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        CvDTreeNode* parent;
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            int t = fold >= 0 ? node->cv_Tn[fold] : node->Tn;
+            if( t <= T || !node->left )
+                break;
+            if( node->alpha <= min_alpha + FLT_EPSILON )
+            {
+                if( fold >= 0 )
+                    node->cv_Tn[fold] = T;
+                else
+                    node->Tn = T;
+                if( node == root )
+                    return 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            node = node->left;
+        }
+
+        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;
+            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )
+            ;
+
+        if( !parent )
+            break;
+
+        node = parent->right;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::free_prune_data(bool cut_tree)
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* node = root;
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        CvDTreeNode* parent;
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            // do not call cvSetRemoveByPtr( cv_heap, node->cv_Tn )
+            // as we will clear the whole cross-validation heap at the end
+            node->cv_Tn = 0;
+            node->cv_node_error = node->cv_node_risk = 0;
+            if( !node->left )
+                break;
+            node = node->left;
+        }
+
+        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;
+            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )
+        {
+            if( cut_tree && parent->Tn <= pruned_tree_idx )
+            {
+                data->free_node( parent->left );
+                data->free_node( parent->right );
+                parent->left = parent->right = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if( !parent )
+            break;
+
+        node = parent->right;
+    }
+
+    if( data->cv_heap )
+        cvClearSet( data->cv_heap );
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::free_tree()
+{
+    if( root && data && data->shared )
+    {
+        pruned_tree_idx = INT_MIN;
+        free_prune_data(true);
+        data->free_node(root);
+        root = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::predict( const CvMat* _sample,
+    const CvMat* _missing, bool preprocessed_input ) const
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* result = 0;
+    int* catbuf = 0;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::predict" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    int i, step, mstep = 0;
+    const float* sample;
+    const uchar* m = 0;
+    CvDTreeNode* node = root;
+    const int* vtype;
+    const int* vidx;
+    const int* cmap;
+    const int* cofs;
+
+    if( !node )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsError, "The tree has not been trained yet" );
+
+    if( !CV_IS_MAT(_sample) || CV_MAT_TYPE(_sample->type) != CV_32FC1 ||
+        (_sample->cols != 1 && _sample->rows != 1) ||
+        (_sample->cols + _sample->rows - 1 != data->var_all && !preprocessed_input) ||
+        (_sample->cols + _sample->rows - 1 != data->var_count && preprocessed_input) )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,
+        "the input sample must be 1d floating-point vector with the same "
+        "number of elements as the total number of variables used for training" );
+
+    sample = _sample->data.fl;
+    step = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(_sample->type) ? 1 : _sample->step/sizeof(sample[0]);
+
+    if( data->cat_count && !preprocessed_input ) // cache for categorical variables
+    {
+        int n = data->cat_count->cols;
+        catbuf = (int*)cvStackAlloc(n*sizeof(catbuf[0]));
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            catbuf[i] = -1;
+    }
+
+    if( _missing )
+    {
+        if( !CV_IS_MAT(_missing) || !CV_IS_MASK_ARR(_missing) ||
+        !CV_ARE_SIZES_EQ(_missing, _sample) )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,
+        "the missing data mask must be 8-bit vector of the same size as input sample" );
+        m = _missing->data.ptr;
+        mstep = CV_IS_MAT_CONT(_missing->type) ? 1 : _missing->step/sizeof(m[0]);
+    }
+
+    vtype = data->var_type->data.i;
+    vidx = data->var_idx && !preprocessed_input ? data->var_idx->data.i : 0;
+    cmap = data->cat_map ? data->cat_map->data.i : 0;
+    cofs = data->cat_ofs ? data->cat_ofs->data.i : 0;
+
+    while( node->Tn > pruned_tree_idx && node->left )
+    {
+        CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split;
+        int dir = 0;
+        for( ; !dir && split != 0; split = split->next )
+        {
+            int vi = split->var_idx;
+            int ci = vtype[vi];
+            i = vidx ? vidx[vi] : vi;
+            float val = sample[i*step];
+            if( m && m[i*mstep] )
+                continue;
+            if( ci < 0 ) // ordered
+                dir = val <= split->ord.c ? -1 : 1;
+            else // categorical
+            {
+                int c;
+                if( preprocessed_input )
+                    c = cvRound(val);
+                else
+                {
+                    c = catbuf[ci];
+                    if( c < 0 )
+                    {
+                        int a = c = cofs[ci];
+                        int b = (ci+1 >= data->cat_ofs->cols) ? data->cat_map->cols : cofs[ci+1];
+                        
+                        int ival = cvRound(val);
+                        if( ival != val )
+                            CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg,
+                            "one of input categorical variable is not an integer" );
+                        
+                        int sh = 0;
+                        while( a < b )
+                        {
+                            sh++;
+                            c = (a + b) >> 1;
+                            if( ival < cmap[c] )
+                                b = c;
+                            else if( ival > cmap[c] )
+                                a = c+1;
+                            else
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if( c < 0 || ival != cmap[c] )
+                            continue;
+
+                        catbuf[ci] = c -= cofs[ci];
+                    }
+                }
+                c = ( (c == 65535) && data->is_buf_16u ) ? -1 : c;
+                dir = CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(c, split->subset);
+            }
+
+            if( split->inversed )
+                dir = -dir;
+        }
+
+        if( !dir )
+        {
+            double diff = node->right->sample_count - node->left->sample_count;
+            dir = diff < 0 ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+        node = dir < 0 ? node->left : node->right;
+    }
+
+    result = node;
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::predict( const Mat& _sample, const Mat& _missing, bool preprocessed_input ) const
+{
+    CvMat sample = _sample, mmask = _missing;
+    return predict(&sample, mmask.data.ptr ? &mmask : 0, preprocessed_input);
+}
+
+
+const CvMat* CvDTree::get_var_importance()
+{
+    if( !var_importance )
+    {
+        CvDTreeNode* node = root;
+        double* importance;
+        if( !node )
+            return 0;
+        var_importance = cvCreateMat( 1, data->var_count, CV_64F );
+        cvZero( var_importance );
+        importance = var_importance->data.db;
+
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            CvDTreeNode* parent;
+            for( ;; node = node->left )
+            {
+                CvDTreeSplit* split = node->split;
+
+                if( !node->left || node->Tn <= pruned_tree_idx )
+                    break;
+
+                for( ; split != 0; split = split->next )
+                    importance[split->var_idx] += split->quality;
+            }
+
+            for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;
+                node = parent, parent = parent->parent )
+                ;
+
+            if( !parent )
+                break;
+
+            node = parent->right;
+        }
+
+        cvNormalize( var_importance, var_importance, 1., 0, CV_L1 );
+    }
+
+    return var_importance;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::write_split( CvFileStorage* fs, CvDTreeSplit* split ) const
+{
+    int ci;
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, 0, CV_NODE_MAP + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "var", split->var_idx );
+    cvWriteReal( fs, "quality", split->quality );
+
+    ci = data->get_var_type(split->var_idx);
+    if( ci >= 0 ) // split on a categorical var
+    {
+        int i, n = data->cat_count->data.i[ci], to_right = 0, default_dir;
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+            to_right += CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(i,split->subset) > 0;
+
+        // ad-hoc rule when to use inverse categorical split notation
+        // to achieve more compact and clear representation
+        default_dir = to_right <= 1 || to_right <= MIN(3, n/2) || to_right <= n/3 ? -1 : 1;
+
+        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, default_dir*(split->inversed ? -1 : 1) > 0 ?
+                            "in" : "not_in", CV_NODE_SEQ+CV_NODE_FLOW );
+
+        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
+        {
+            int dir = CV_DTREE_CAT_DIR(i,split->subset);
+            if( dir*default_dir < 0 )
+                cvWriteInt( fs, 0, i );
+        }
+        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    }
+    else
+        cvWriteReal( fs, !split->inversed ? "le" : "gt", split->ord.c );
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::write_node( CvFileStorage* fs, CvDTreeNode* node ) const
+{
+    CvDTreeSplit* split;
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, 0, CV_NODE_MAP );
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "depth", node->depth );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "sample_count", node->sample_count );
+    cvWriteReal( fs, "value", node->value );
+
+    if( data->is_classifier )
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "norm_class_idx", node->class_idx );
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "Tn", node->Tn );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "complexity", node->complexity );
+    cvWriteReal( fs, "alpha", node->alpha );
+    cvWriteReal( fs, "node_risk", node->node_risk );
+    cvWriteReal( fs, "tree_risk", node->tree_risk );
+    cvWriteReal( fs, "tree_error", node->tree_error );
+
+    if( node->left )
+    {
+        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "splits", CV_NODE_SEQ );
+
+        for( split = node->split; split != 0; split = split->next )
+            write_split( fs, split );
+
+        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    }
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::write_tree_nodes( CvFileStorage* fs ) const
+{
+    //CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::write_tree_nodes" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    CvDTreeNode* node = root;
+
+    // traverse the tree and save all the nodes in depth-first order
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        CvDTreeNode* parent;
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            write_node( fs, node );
+            if( !node->left )
+                break;
+            node = node->left;
+        }
+
+        for( parent = node->parent; parent && parent->right == node;
+            node = parent, parent = parent->parent )
+            ;
+
+        if( !parent )
+            break;
+
+        node = parent->right;
+    }
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::write( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name ) const
+{
+    //CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::write" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_ML_TREE );
+
+    //get_var_importance();
+    data->write_params( fs );
+    //if( var_importance )
+    //cvWrite( fs, "var_importance", var_importance );
+    write( fs );
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::write( CvFileStorage* fs ) const
+{
+    //CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::write" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "best_tree_idx", pruned_tree_idx );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "nodes", CV_NODE_SEQ );
+    write_tree_nodes( fs );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeSplit* CvDTree::read_split( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode )
+{
+    CvDTreeSplit* split = 0;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read_split" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    int vi, ci;
+
+    if( !fnode || CV_NODE_TYPE(fnode->tag) != CV_NODE_MAP )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "some of the splits are not stored properly" );
+
+    vi = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "var", -1 );
+    if( (unsigned)vi >= (unsigned)data->var_count )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "Split variable index is out of range" );
+
+    ci = data->get_var_type(vi);
+    if( ci >= 0 ) // split on categorical var
+    {
+        int i, n = data->cat_count->data.i[ci], inversed = 0, val;
+        CvSeqReader reader;
+        CvFileNode* inseq;
+        split = data->new_split_cat( vi, 0 );
+        inseq = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "in" );
+        if( !inseq )
+        {
+            inseq = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "not_in" );
+            inversed = 1;
+        }
+        if( !inseq ||
+            (CV_NODE_TYPE(inseq->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ && CV_NODE_TYPE(inseq->tag) != CV_NODE_INT))
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError,
+            "Either 'in' or 'not_in' tags should be inside a categorical split data" );
+
+        if( CV_NODE_TYPE(inseq->tag) == CV_NODE_INT )
+        {
+            val = inseq->data.i;
+            if( (unsigned)val >= (unsigned)n )
+                CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of in/not_in elements are out of range" );
+
+            split->subset[val >> 5] |= 1 << (val & 31);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            cvStartReadSeq( inseq->data.seq, &reader );
+
+            for( i = 0; i < reader.seq->total; i++ )
+            {
+                CvFileNode* inode = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+                val = inode->data.i;
+                if( CV_NODE_TYPE(inode->tag) != CV_NODE_INT || (unsigned)val >= (unsigned)n )
+                    CV_ERROR( CV_StsOutOfRange, "some of in/not_in elements are out of range" );
+
+                split->subset[val >> 5] |= 1 << (val & 31);
+                CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // for categorical splits we do not use inversed splits,
+        // instead we inverse the variable set in the split
+        if( inversed )
+            for( i = 0; i < (n + 31) >> 5; i++ )
+                split->subset[i] ^= -1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CvFileNode* cmp_node;
+        split = data->new_split_ord( vi, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
+
+        cmp_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "le" );
+        if( !cmp_node )
+        {
+            cmp_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "gt" );
+            split->inversed = 1;
+        }
+
+        split->ord.c = (float)cvReadReal( cmp_node );
+    }
+
+    split->quality = (float)cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "quality" );
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return split;
+}
+
+
+CvDTreeNode* CvDTree::read_node( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode, CvDTreeNode* parent )
+{
+    CvDTreeNode* node = 0;
+
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read_node" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    CvFileNode* splits;
+    int i, depth;
+
+    if( !fnode || CV_NODE_TYPE(fnode->tag) != CV_NODE_MAP )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "some of the tree elements are not stored properly" );
+
+    CV_CALL( node = data->new_node( parent, 0, 0, 0 ));
+    depth = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "depth", -1 );
+    if( depth != node->depth )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "incorrect node depth" );
+
+    node->sample_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "sample_count" );
+    node->value = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "value" );
+    if( data->is_classifier )
+        node->class_idx = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "norm_class_idx" );
+
+    node->Tn = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "Tn" );
+    node->complexity = cvReadIntByName( fs, fnode, "complexity" );
+    node->alpha = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "alpha" );
+    node->node_risk = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "node_risk" );
+    node->tree_risk = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "tree_risk" );
+    node->tree_error = cvReadRealByName( fs, fnode, "tree_error" );
+
+    splits = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, fnode, "splits" );
+    if( splits )
+    {
+        CvSeqReader reader;
+        CvDTreeSplit* last_split = 0;
+
+        if( CV_NODE_TYPE(splits->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ )
+            CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "splits tag must stored as a sequence" );
+
+        cvStartReadSeq( splits->data.seq, &reader );
+        for( i = 0; i < reader.seq->total; i++ )
+        {
+            CvDTreeSplit* split;
+            CV_CALL( split = read_split( fs, (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr ));
+            if( !last_split )
+                node->split = last_split = split;
+            else
+                last_split = last_split->next = split;
+
+            CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );
+        }
+    }
+
+    __END__;
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::read_tree_nodes( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode )
+{
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read_tree_nodes" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    CvDTreeNode _root;
+    CvDTreeNode* parent = &_root;
+    int i;
+    parent->left = parent->right = parent->parent = 0;
+
+    cvStartReadSeq( fnode->data.seq, &reader );
+
+    for( i = 0; i < reader.seq->total; i++ )
+    {
+        CvDTreeNode* node;
+
+        CV_CALL( node = read_node( fs, (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr, parent != &_root ? parent : 0 ));
+        if( !parent->left )
+            parent->left = node;
+        else
+            parent->right = node;
+        if( node->split )
+            parent = node;
+        else
+        {
+            while( parent && parent->right )
+                parent = parent->parent;
+        }
+
+        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );
+    }
+
+    root = _root.left;
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+
+void CvDTree::read( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* fnode )
+{
+    CvDTreeTrainData* _data = new CvDTreeTrainData();
+    _data->read_params( fs, fnode );
+
+    read( fs, fnode, _data );
+    get_var_importance();
+}
+
+
+// a special entry point for reading weak decision trees from the tree ensembles
+void CvDTree::read( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node, CvDTreeTrainData* _data )
+{
+    CV_FUNCNAME( "CvDTree::read" );
+
+    __BEGIN__;
+
+    CvFileNode* tree_nodes;
+
+    clear();
+    data = _data;
+
+    tree_nodes = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "nodes" );
+    if( !tree_nodes || CV_NODE_TYPE(tree_nodes->tag) != CV_NODE_SEQ )
+        CV_ERROR( CV_StsParseError, "nodes tag is missing" );
+
+    pruned_tree_idx = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "best_tree_idx", -1 );
+    read_tree_nodes( fs, tree_nodes );
+
+    __END__;
+}
+
+/* End of file. */